演講稿在寫作上具有一定的格式要求。在現(xiàn)在的社會(huì)生活中，我們使用上演講稿的情況與日俱增，來參考自己需要的演講稿吧！下面是范文網(wǎng)小編整理的TED英文演講稿3篇 英語TED演講稿，供大家閱讀。
TED英文演講稿1
Hold Fast To Your Dreams
I have a dream today.
I have a dream that one day every vally shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together.
Wow, what a dream it has been for Martin Luther King. But the changing world seems telling me that people gradually get their dreams lost somehow in the process of growing up, and sometimes I personally find myself saying goodbye unconsciously to those distant childhood dreams.
However, we meed dreams. They nourish our spirit; they represent possibility even when we are dragged down by reality. They keep us going. Most successful people are dreamers as well as ordinary people who are not afraid to think big and dare to be great. When we were little kids, we all dreamed of doing something big and splashy, something significant. Now what we need to do is to maintain them, refresh them and turn them into reality. However, the toughest part is that we often have no ideas how to translate these dreams into actions. Well, just start with concrete objectives and stick to it. Don’t let the nameless fear confuse the eye and confound our strong belief of future. Through our talents, through our wits, through our endurance and through our creativity, we will make it.
Hold fast to dreams, for if dreams die, life is a broken-winged bird that cannot fly. Hold fast to dreams, for when dreams go, life is a barren field frozen with snow. So my dear friends, think of your old and maybe dead dreams. Whatever it is, pick it up and make it alive from today.
TED英文演講稿2
犯錯(cuò)的價(jià)值
每個(gè)人都會(huì)避免犯錯(cuò)，但或許避免犯錯(cuò)本身就是一種錯(cuò)誤?請(qǐng)看以下這篇“犯錯(cuò)家“凱瑟琳舒爾茨告訴我們，或許我們不只該承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤，更應(yīng)該大力擁抱人性中“我錯(cuò)故我在“的本質(zhì)。
So it's 1995, I'm in college, and a friend and I go on a road trip from Providence, Rhode Island to Portland, Oregon.
當(dāng)時(shí)是95年 我在上大學(xué) 我和一個(gè)朋友開車去玩 從羅得島的普羅旺斯區(qū)出發(fā) 到奧勒岡州的波特蘭市
And you know, we're young and unemployed, so we do the whole thing on back roads through state parks and national forests -- basically the longest route we can possibly take.
我們年輕、無業(yè) ，于是整個(gè)旅程都在鄉(xiāng)間小道 經(jīng)過州立公園 和國家保護(hù)森林 我們盡可能繞著最長(zhǎng)的路徑
And somewhere in the middle of South Dakota, I turn to my friend and I ask her a question that's been bothering me for 2,000 miles.
在南達(dá)科塔州之中某處 我轉(zhuǎn)向我的朋友 問她一個(gè) 兩千英里路途上 一直煩惱我的問題
"What's up with the Chinese character I keep seeing by the side of the road?"
"路邊那個(gè)一直出現(xiàn)的中文字到底是什么?"
My friend looks at me totally blankly.
我的朋友露出疑惑的神情
There's actually a gentleman in the front row who's doing a perfect imitation of her look.
正如現(xiàn)在坐在第一排的這三位男士 所露出的神情一樣
(Laughter) And I'm like, "You know, all the signs we keep seeing with the Chinese character on them."
(笑聲) 我說"你知道的 我們一直看到的那個(gè)路牌 寫著中文的那個(gè)啊"
She just stares at me for a few moments, and then she cracks up, because she figures out what I'm talking about.
她瞪著我的臉一陣子 突然笑開了 因?yàn)樗偹阒牢宜笧楹?/p>
And what I'm talking about is this.
我說的是這個(gè)
(Laughter) Right, the famous Chinese character for picnic area.
(笑聲) 沒錯(cuò)，這就是代表野餐區(qū)的那個(gè)中文字
(Laughter) I've spent the last five years of my life thinking about situations exactly like this -- why we sometimes misunderstand the signs around us,
(笑聲) 過去的五年 我一直在思考 剛剛我所描述的狀況 為什么我們會(huì)對(duì)身邊的征兆 產(chǎn)生誤解
and how we behave when that happens, and what all of this can tell us about human nature.
當(dāng)誤解發(fā)生時(shí)我們作何反應(yīng) 以及這一切所告訴我們的人性
In other words, as you heard Chris say, I've spent the last five years thinking about being wrong.
換句話說，就像 Chris 剛才說的 過去五年的時(shí)間 我都在思考錯(cuò)誤的價(jià)值
This might strike you as a strange career move, but it actually has one great advantage: no job competition.
你可能覺得這是個(gè)奇異的專業(yè) 但有一項(xiàng)好處是不容置疑的： 沒有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者。
(Laughter) In fact, most of us do everything we can to avoid thinking about being wrong, or at least to avoid thinking about the possibility that we ourselves are wrong.
(笑聲) 事實(shí)上，我們大部分的人 都盡力不思考錯(cuò)誤的價(jià)值 或至少避免想到我們有可能犯錯(cuò)。
We get it in the abstract.
我們都知道這個(gè)模糊的概念。
We all know everybody in this room makes mistakes.
我們都知道這里的每個(gè)人都曾經(jīng)犯錯(cuò)
The human species, in general, is fallible -- okay fine.
人類本來就會(huì)犯錯(cuò) - 沒問題
But when it comes down to me right now, to all the beliefs I hold, here in the present tense, suddenly all of this abstract appreciation of fallibility goes out the window -- and I can't actually think of anything I'm wrong about.
一旦這個(gè)想法臨到我們自身 我們現(xiàn)在所有的 所有的信念 對(duì)人類可能犯錯(cuò)的抽象概念隨即被我們拋棄 我無法想到我有哪里出錯(cuò)
And the thing is, the present tense is where we live.
但是，我們活在現(xiàn)在
We go to meetings in the present tense; we go on family vacations in the present tense; we go to the polls and vote in the present tense.
我們開會(huì)，去家庭旅游 去投票 全都是現(xiàn)在式
So effectively, we all kind of wind up traveling through life, trapped in this little bubble of feeling very right about everything.
我們就像現(xiàn)在一個(gè)小泡泡里 經(jīng)歷人生 感覺自己總是對(duì)的
I think this is a problem.
我認(rèn)為這是個(gè)問題
I think it's a problem for each of us as individuals, in our personal and professional lives, and I think it's a problem for all of us collectively as a culture.
我認(rèn)為這是每個(gè)人私人生活 和職業(yè)生活中的問題 我認(rèn)為我們身為群體，這也造成了文化問題
So what I want to do today is, first of all, talk about why we get stuck inside this feeling of being right.
于是，我今天想做的是 先談?wù)劄樯趺次覀儠?huì) 陷在這種自以為是的心態(tài)中
And second, why it's such a problem.
第二是為甚么這是個(gè)問題
And finally, I want to convince you that it is possible to step outside of that feeling, and that, if you can do so, it is the single greatest
最后我想說服大家 克服這種感覺 是可能的 而且一旦你做到了 這將成為你道德上
moral, intellectual and creative leap you can make.
智性上和創(chuàng)意上最大的進(jìn)步
So why do we get stuck in this feeling of being right?
為甚么我們會(huì)陷在 這種自以為是的心態(tài)中?
One reason actually has to do with a feeling of being wrong.
事實(shí)上這和犯錯(cuò)的感覺有關(guān)
So let me ask you guys something -- or actually, let me ask you guys something, because you're right here: How does it feel -- emotionally --
我想問問你們 讓我問問臺(tái)上的你們 當(dāng)你意識(shí)到自己犯錯(cuò)了
how does it feel to be wrong?
你感覺如何?
Dreadful. Thumbs down.
糟透了。很差勁。
Embarrassing. Okay, wonderful, good.
難堪。很好，是的。
Dreadful, thumbs down, embarrassing -- thank you, these are great answers, but they're answers to a different question.
很糟糕，很差勁，很難堪。 謝謝你們提供這些答案 但這些答案沒有回答我的問題
You guys are answering the question: How does it feel to realize you're wrong?
你們回答的問題是： 當(dāng)你意識(shí)到你犯錯(cuò)的時(shí)候，你的感覺如何?
(Laughter) Realizing you're wrong can feel like all of that and a lot of other things, right?
(笑聲) 意識(shí)到你犯錯(cuò)了就會(huì)有剛剛所說的這些感覺，不是嗎?
I mean it can be devastating, it can be revelatory, it can actually be quite funny, like my stupid Chinese character mistake.
令人沮喪，暴露了一些真實(shí) 有時(shí)候甚至有些好笑 像我誤以為路牌是中文字
But just being wrong doesn't feel like anything.
但犯錯(cuò)本身 事實(shí)上毫無感覺
I'll give you an analogy.
讓我給你一個(gè)例子
Do you remember that Loony Tunes cartoon where there's this pathetic coyote who's always chasing and never catching a roadrunner?
你記得卡通里 那個(gè)總是在追逐 卻從未抓到獵物的土狼嗎?
In pretty much every episode of this cartoon, there's a moment where the coyote is chasing the roadrunner and the roadrunner runs off a cliff,
幾乎在每一集里 牠的獵物 - 一只走鵑鳥 都會(huì)跳下懸崖
which is fine, he's a bird, he can fly.
反正牠是鳥，牠可以飛
But the thing is, the coyote runs off the cliff right after him.
但土狼也會(huì)跟著牠一起跳崖
And what's funny -- at least if you're six years old -- is that the coyote's totally fine too.
那很好笑 如果你是個(gè)六歲兒童 土狼也很好
He just keeps running -- right up until the moment that he looks down and realizes that he's in mid-air.
牠就這么繼續(xù)跑 直到牠往下看 發(fā)現(xiàn)自己漫步在空中
That's when he falls.
這時(shí)候他才會(huì)往下掉
When we're wrong about something -- not when we realize it, but before that -- we're like that coyote after he's gone off the cliff and before he looks down.
在我們犯錯(cuò)時(shí) 在我們意識(shí)到我們犯錯(cuò)時(shí) 我們就像那只土狼 還沒意識(shí)到自己奔出懸崖
You know, we're already wrong, we're already in trouble, but we feel like we're on solid ground.
我們已經(jīng)錯(cuò)了 已經(jīng)惹上麻煩了 但仍然感覺像走在地上
So I should actually correct something I said a moment ago.
我應(yīng)該改變我之前的說法
It does feel like something to be wrong; it feels like being right.
犯錯(cuò)的感覺就和 正確的感覺一樣
(Laughter) So this is one reason, a structural reason, why we get stuck inside this feeling of rightness.
(笑聲) 事實(shí)上我們這種自以為對(duì)的感受 是有構(gòu)造性的原因的
I call this error blindness.
我稱之為錯(cuò)誤盲點(diǎn)
Most of the time, we don't have any kind of internal cue to let us know that we're wrong about something, until it's too late.
大部份的時(shí)間里 我們身體里沒有任何機(jī)制 提醒我們錯(cuò)了 直到木已成舟
But there's a second reason that we get stuck inside this feeling as well -- and this one is cultural.
但還有第二個(gè)理由 文化性的理由
Think back for a moment to elementary school.
回想小學(xué)時(shí)代
You're sitting there in class, and your teacher is handing back quiz papers, and one of them looks like this.
你坐在課堂里 你的老師發(fā)回小考考卷 像這樣的小考考卷
This is not mine, by the way.
雖然這張不是我的
(Laughter) So there you are in grade school, and you know exactly what to think about the kid who got this paper.
(笑聲) 你從小學(xué)時(shí)代 就知道該對(duì)拿這張考卷的同學(xué) 下甚么評(píng)語
It's the dumb kid, the troublemaker, the one who never does his homework.
笨蛋，搗蛋鬼 從不做功課的壞學(xué)生
So by the time you are nine years old, you've already learned, first of all, that people who get stuff wrong are lazy, irresponsible dimwits --
你不過才九歲 你已經(jīng)懂得，首先 那些犯錯(cuò)的人 都是懶惰、不負(fù)責(zé)任的傻瓜
and second of all, that the way to succeed in life is to never make any mistakes.
第二 想要在人生中成功 就不要犯錯(cuò)
We learn these really bad lessons really well.
我們很早就得到這些錯(cuò)誤訊息
And a lot of us -- and I suspect, especially a lot of us in this room -- deal with them by just becoming perfect little A students,
而我們 尤其是這個(gè)大廳里的許多人 都因此成為好學(xué)生 拿全A
perfectionists, over-achievers.
完美主義、永不滿意
Right, Mr. CFO, astrophysicist, ultra-marathoner?
不是嗎? 財(cái)務(wù)長(zhǎng)、天體物理學(xué)家、超級(jí)馬拉松先生們?
(Laughter) You're all CFO, astrophysicists, ultra-marathoners, it turns out.
(笑聲) 結(jié)果是你們?nèi)闪素?cái)務(wù)長(zhǎng)、天體物理學(xué)家、跑超級(jí)馬拉松
Okay, so fine.
那很好
Except that then we freak out at the possibility that we've gotten something wrong.
但一旦我們發(fā)現(xiàn)有可能犯錯(cuò) 就開始手足無措
Because according to this, getting something wrong means there's something wrong with us.
因?yàn)橐勒找?guī)定 犯錯(cuò) 代表我們一定也有甚么不對(duì)勁
So we just insist that we're right, because it makes us feel smart and responsible and virtuous and safe.
于是我們堅(jiān)持己見 因?yàn)槟亲屛覀兏杏X聰明、得體 安全和可靠
So let me tell you a story.
讓我告訴你們一個(gè)故事
A couple of years ago, a woman comes into Beth Israel Deaconess medical center for a surgery.
幾年前 一個(gè)女人到 Beth Israel Deaconess 診所做手術(shù)
Beth Israel's in Boston.
Beth Israel 在波士頓
It's the teaching hospital for Harvard -- one of the best hospitals in the country.
是哈佛大學(xué)的教學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院 全國數(shù)一數(shù)二的醫(yī)療中心
So this woman comes in and she's taken into the operating room.
這個(gè)女人被送進(jìn)開刀房
She's anesthetized, the surgeon does his thing -- stitches her back up, sends her out to the recovery room.
麻醉，外科醫(yī)生做完手術(shù) 縫合，將她送進(jìn)恢復(fù)室
Everything seems to have gone fine.
一切看上去都很好
And she wakes up, and she looks down at herself, and she says, "Why is the wrong side of my body in bandages?"
她醒來，往自己身上一看 說“為甚么我的左腿綁著繃帶?”
Well the wrong side of her body is in bandages because the surgeon has performed a major operation on her left leg instead of her right one.
她應(yīng)該接受治療的是右腿 但為他做手術(shù)的外科醫(yī)生 卻把刀開在左腿
When the vice president for health care quality at Beth Israel spoke about this incident, he said something very interesting.
當(dāng)副院長(zhǎng)出來為醫(yī)院的醫(yī)療質(zhì)量 和這次意外做出解釋時(shí) 他說了句很有趣的話
He said, "For whatever reason, the surgeon simply felt that he was on the correct side of the patient."
他說“無論如何 這位外科醫(yī)生感覺 他開下的刀是在正確的一側(cè)”
(Laughter) The point of this story is that trusting too much in the feeling of being on the correct side of anything can be very dangerous.
(笑聲) 故事的重點(diǎn)是 相信自己的判斷力 相信自己站在對(duì)的一邊 是非常危險(xiǎn)的
This internal sense of rightness that we all experience so often is not a reliable guide to what is actually going on in the external world.
我們心中時(shí)常感覺到的 理直氣壯的感覺 在真實(shí)世界中 并不是個(gè)可靠的向?qū)А?/p>
And when we act like it is, and we stop entertaining the possibility that we could be wrong, well that's when we end up doing things
當(dāng)我們依此行事 不再思考我們是否犯錯(cuò) 我們就有可能
88.like dumping 200 million gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico, or torpedoing the global economy.
把兩百灣加侖的石油倒進(jìn)墨西哥灣 或是顛覆世界經(jīng)濟(jì)
So this is a huge practical problem.
這是個(gè)很實(shí)際的問題
But it's also a huge social problem.
這也是個(gè)很大的社會(huì)問題
Think for a moment about what it means to feel right.
“感覺對(duì)”究竟是什么意思
It means that you think that your beliefs just perfectly reflect reality.
這代表著你認(rèn)為你的信念 和真實(shí)是一致的
And when you feel that way, you've got a problem to solve, which is, how are you going to explain all of those people who disagree with you?
當(dāng)你有這種感覺的時(shí)候 你的問題就大了 因?yàn)槿绻闶菍?duì)的 為甚么還有人和你持不同意見?
It turns out, most of us explain those people the same way, by resorting to a series of unfortunate assumptions.
于是我們往往用同一種 思考方式去解釋這些異議
The first thing we usually do when someone disagrees with us is we just assume they're ignorant.
第一是當(dāng)他人不同意我們的說法 我們便覺得他們無知
They don't have access to the same information that we do, and when we generously share that information with them, they're going to see the light and come on over to our team.
他們不像我們懂得這么多 當(dāng)我們慷慨地和他們分享我們的知識(shí) 他們便會(huì)理解，并加入我們的行列
When that doesn't work, when it turns out those people have all the same facts that we do and they still disagree with us, then we move on to a second assumption,
如果不是這樣 如果這些人和我們獲得的信息一樣多 卻仍然不認(rèn)同我們 我們便有了下一個(gè)定論
which is that they're idiots.
那就是他們是白癡
(Laughter) They have all the right pieces of the puzzle, and they are too moronic to put them together correctly.
(笑聲) 他們已經(jīng)有了所有的信息 卻笨到無法拼湊出正確的圖像
And when that doesn't work, when it turns out that people who disagree with us have all the same facts we do and are actually pretty smart,
一旦第二個(gè)定論也不成立 當(dāng)這些反對(duì)我們的人 和我們有一樣的信息 又聰明
then we move on to a third assumption: they know the truth, and they are deliberately distorting it for their own malevolent purposes.
我們便有了第三個(gè)結(jié)論 他們知道事實(shí)是甚么 但卻為了自己的好處 故意曲解真實(shí)。
So this is a catastrophe.
這真是個(gè)大災(zāi)難
This attachment to our own rightness keeps us from preventing mistakes when we absolutely need to and causes us to treat each other terribly.
我們的自以為是 讓我們?cè)谧钚枰臅r(shí)候 無法預(yù)防犯錯(cuò) 更讓我們互相仇視
104.But to me, what's most baffling and most tragic about this is that it misses the whole point of being human.
對(duì)我來說 最大的悲劇是 它讓我們錯(cuò)失了身為人的珍貴意義
It's like we want to imagine that our minds are just these perfectly translucent windows and we just gaze out of them and describe the world as it unfolds.
那就像是想象 我們的心靈之窗完全透明 我們向外觀看 描述在我們之前展開的世界
And we want everybody else to gaze out of the same window and see the exact same thing.
我們想要每個(gè)人和我們有一樣的窗子 對(duì)世界做出一樣的觀察
That is not true, and if it were, life would be incredibly boring.
那不是真的 如果是，人生將會(huì)多么無聊
The miracle of your mind isn't that you can see the world as it is.
心靈的神奇之處 不在你懂得這個(gè)世界是甚么樣子
It's that you can see the world as it isn't.
而是去理解那些你不懂的地方
We can remember the past, and we can think about the future, and we can imagine what it's like to be some other person in some other place.
我們記得過去 思考未來 我們想象 自己成為他人，在他方
And we all do this a little differently, which is why we can all look up at the same night sky and see this and also this and also this.
我們的想象都有些不同 于是當(dāng)我們抬頭看同一個(gè)夜空 我們看到這個(gè) 這個(gè) 和這個(gè)
And yeah, it is also why we get things wrong.
這也是我們搞錯(cuò)事情的原因
1,200 years before Descartes said his famous thing about "I think therefore I am,"
在笛卡兒說出那句有名的”我思故我在“ 的一千兩百年前
this guy, St. Augustine, sat down and wrote "Fallor ergo sum" -- "I err therefore I am."
圣奧古斯丁，坐下來 寫下"Fallor ergo sum" "我錯(cuò)故我在"
Augustine understood that our capacity to screw up, it's not some kind of embarrassing defect in the human system, something we can eradicate or overcome.
奧古斯丁懂得 我們犯錯(cuò)的能力 這并不是人性中 一個(gè)令人難堪的缺陷 不是我們可以克服或消滅的
It's totally fundamental to who we are.
這是我們的本質(zhì)
Because, unlike God, we don't really know what's going on out there.
因?yàn)槲覀儾皇巧系?我們不知道我們之外究竟發(fā)生了甚么
And unlike all of the other animals, we are obsessed with trying to figure it out.
而不同于其它動(dòng)物的是 我們都瘋狂地想找出解答
To me, this obsession is the source and root of all of our productivity and creativity.
對(duì)我來說 這種尋找的沖動(dòng) 就是我們生產(chǎn)力和創(chuàng)造力的來源
Last year, for various reasons, I found myself listening to a lot of episodes of the Public Radio show This American Life.
因?yàn)橐恍┚壒?去年我在廣播上 聽了很多集的"我們的美國人生"
And so I'm listening and I'm listening, and at some point, I start feeling like all the stories are about being wrong.
我聽著聽著 突然發(fā)現(xiàn) 這些故事全和犯錯(cuò)有關(guān)
And my first thought was, "I've lost it.
我的第一個(gè)念頭是 “我完了
I've become the crazy wrongness lady.
我寫書寫瘋了
I just imagined it everywhere,"
四處都看到有關(guān)犯錯(cuò)的幻覺”
which has happened.
說真的是這樣
But a couple of months later, I actually had a chance to interview Ira Glass, who's the host of the show.
但幾個(gè)月后 我訪問了那個(gè)廣播節(jié)目的主持人 Ira Glass
And I mentioned this to him, and he was like, "No actually, that's true.
我向他提到這件事 他回答我“事實(shí)上
In fact," he says, "as a staff, we joke that every single episode of our show has the same crypto-theme.
你是對(duì)的”他說 “我們這些工作人員總是 開玩笑說每集節(jié)目之中的 秘密主題都是一樣的
And the crypto-theme is: 'I thought this one thing was going to happen and something else happened instead.' And thing is," says Ira Glass, "we need this.
這個(gè)秘密主題就是 "我以為這件事會(huì)這樣發(fā)生 結(jié)果其它事情發(fā)生了" 他說"但是，這就是我們需要的
We need these moments of surprise and reversal and wrongness to make these stories work."
我們需要這些意外 這些顛倒和錯(cuò)誤 這些故事才能成立。"
And for the rest of us, audience members, as listeners, as readers, we eat this stuff up.
而我們身為觀眾 聽眾、讀者 我們吸收這些故事
We love things like plot twists and red herrings and surprise endings.
我們喜歡故事轉(zhuǎn)折 令人驚訝的結(jié)局
When it comes to our stories, we love being wrong.
我們喜歡在故事里 看到犯錯(cuò)
But, you know, our stories are like this because our lives are like this.
但，故事會(huì)這樣寫 是因?yàn)槿松褪沁@樣
We think this one thing is going to happen and something else happens instead.
我們以為某些事情會(huì)這樣發(fā)生 發(fā)生的卻是其它事
George Bush thought he was going to invade Iraq, find a bunch of weapons of mass destruction, liberate the people and bring democracy to the Middle East.
小布什以為他入侵伊拉克 會(huì)找到大規(guī)模毀滅性武器 解放中東百姓，為他們帶來民主自由
And something else happened instead.
但卻不是這樣
And Hosni Mubarak thought he was going to be dictator of Egypt for the rest of his life, until he got too old or too sick and could pass the reigns of power onto his son.
穆巴拉克以為 他到死都會(huì)是埃及的獨(dú)裁者 一直到他年老或臥病 再把他的權(quán)力交給下一代
And something else happened instead.
但卻不是這樣
And maybe you thought you were going to grow up and marry your high school sweetheart and move back to your home town and raise a bunch of kids together.
或許你想過 你會(huì)長(zhǎng)大、嫁給你的初戀情人 搬回老家，生一群孩子
And something else happened instead.
但卻不是這樣
And I have to tell you that I thought I was writing an incredibly nerdy book about a subject everybody hates for an audience that would never materialize.
我必須說 我以為我寫的是一本很冷僻的書 有關(guān)一個(gè)人人討厭的主題 為一些從不存在的讀者
And something else happened instead.
但卻不是這樣
(Laughter) I mean, this is life.
(笑聲) 我們的人生
For good and for ill, we generate these incredible stories about the world around us, and then the world turns around and astonishes us.
無論好壞 我們創(chuàng)造了啦 那包圍我們的世界 而世界轉(zhuǎn)過頭來，令我們大吃一驚
No offense, but this entire conference is an unbelievable monument to our capacity to get stuff wrong.
說真的，這整個(gè)會(huì)議 充斥著這樣難以置信的時(shí)刻 我們一次又一次地意識(shí)到自己的錯(cuò)誤
We just spent and entire week talking about innovations and advancements and improvements, but you know why we need all of those innovations
我們花了整整一周 討論創(chuàng)新，進(jìn)步 和改善 你知道我們?yōu)樯趺葱枰@些創(chuàng)新
and advancements and improvements?
進(jìn)步和改善嗎?
Because half the stuff that's the most mind-boggling and world altering -- TED 1998 -- eh.
因?yàn)槠渲杏幸话?來自最應(yīng)該改變世界的 98年的TED 呃
(Laughter) Didn't really work out that way, did it.
(笑聲) 真是出人意料之外啊，不是嗎
(Laughter) Where's my jet pack, Chris?
(笑聲) 我的逃生火箭在哪，Chris?
(Laughter) (Applause) So here we are again.
(笑聲) (掌聲) 于是我們又在這里
And that's how it goes.
事情就是這樣
We come up with another idea.
我們重新想出其它點(diǎn)子
We tell another story.
我們有了新的故事
We hold another conference.
我們開了另一個(gè)會(huì)議
The theme of this one, as you guys have now heard seven million times, is the rediscovery of wonder.
這次的主題是 如果你還沒有聽到耳朵出油的話 是重新找到想象的力量
And to me, if you really want to rediscover wonder, you need to step outside of that tiny, terrified space of rightness and look around at each other
對(duì)我來說 如果你真的想重新找到想象的力量 你需要離開 那個(gè)小小的、自我感覺良好的小圈圈 看看彼此
and look out at the vastness and complexity and mystery of the universe and be able to say, "Wow, I don't know.
看看宇宙的 廣大無垠 復(fù)雜神秘 然后真正地說 “哇，我不知道
Maybe I'm wrong."
或許我錯(cuò)了。”
Thank you.
謝謝各位
(Applause) Thank you guys.
(掌聲) 謝謝
TED英文演講稿3
On what we think we know?
我們以為自己知道的
I'm going to try and explain why it is that perhaps we don't understand as much as we think we do. I'd like to begin with four questions. This is not some sort of cultural thing for the time of year. That's an in-joke, by the way.
我會(huì)試著解釋為何 我們知道的東西很可能并沒有我們自以為知道的多 我想從四個(gè)問題開始,不是那種今年流行的文化問題 對(duì)了，剛剛那句是個(gè)圈內(nèi)笑話
But these four questions, actually, are ones that people who even know quite a lot about science find quite hard. And they're questions that I've asked of science television producers, of audiences of science educators -- so that's science teachers -- and also of seven-year-olds, and I find that the seven-year-olds do marginally better than the other audiences, which is somewhat surprising.
不過這四個(gè)問題，事實(shí)上 即使是很懂科學(xué)的人也會(huì)覺得很難應(yīng)答 我拿這些問題去問科學(xué)節(jié)目制片人 問那些有科學(xué)教育背景的觀眾 也問教科學(xué)的老師還有七歲孩童 我發(fā)現(xiàn)七歲孩童答得比其他人好 這是有些令人驚訝
So the first question, and you might want to write this down, either on a bit of paper, physically, or a virtual piece of paper in your head. And, for viewers at home, you can try this as well.
第一個(gè)問題，我建議你把問題記下來 抄在紙上，或想像中的紙上 坐在電腦前的你也可以試著作答.
A little seed weighs next to nothing and a tree weighs a lot, right? I think we agree on that. Where does the tree get the stuff that makes up this chair, right? Where does all this stuff come from?
種籽很輕，而大樹很重，是嗎?我想我們都同意吧，大樹用來制成椅子的東西是從哪來的? 對(duì)吧?這些東西都是怎么來的?
(Knocks)
(敲椅聲)
And your next question is, can you light a little torch-bulb with a battery, a bulb and one piece of wire? And would you be able to, kind of, draw a -- you don't have to draw the diagram, but would you be able to draw the diagram, if you had to do it? Or would you just say, that's actually not possible?
問題二，你能否點(diǎn)亮一個(gè)小燈泡 只用1個(gè)電池、1個(gè)燈泡、和1條電線? 那你能畫出上述問題的圖解嗎?不用真的畫 但如果需要的話， 你能畫出來嗎? 還是你會(huì)說 這個(gè)不可能?
The third question is, why is it hotter in summer than in winter? I think we can probably agree that it is hotter in summer than in winter, but why? And finally, would you be able to -- and you can sort of scribble it, if you like -- scribble a plan diagram of the solar system, showing the shape of the planets' orbits? Would you be able to do that? And if you can, just scribble a pattern.
第三個(gè)問題，為什么夏天比冬天熱? 大家應(yīng)該都同意夏天比冬天還熱 但為何如此?最后，你能不能 簡(jiǎn)單的勾勒出 太陽系的平面圖... 呈現(xiàn)出行星軌道運(yùn)行的形狀 你可以畫得出來嗎? 你畫得出來的話，就把形狀畫出來
OK. Now, children get their ideas not from teachers, as teachers often think, but actually from common sense, from experience of the world around them, from all the things that go on between them and their peers, and their carers, and their parents, and all of that. Experience. And one of the great experts in this field, of course, was, bless him, Cardinal Wolsey. Be very careful what you get into people's heads because it's virtually impossible to shift it afterwards, right?
好，孩童對(duì)事物的概念不是老師教的 老師時(shí)常這么以為，但實(shí)際上概念來自于常理 來自于孩童對(duì)周遭世界的體驗(yàn) 來自于他們跟同伴彼此交流 還有跟保姆、父母親、所有人交流的經(jīng)驗(yàn) 這個(gè)領(lǐng)域中的一個(gè)專家，對(duì)了，愿他安息 就是渥西主教，他說要你將東西放進(jìn)其他人的鬧袋里的時(shí)候要小心 因?yàn)槟切〇|西幾乎不會(huì)再改變，對(duì)吧?
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
I'm not quite sure how he died, actually. Was he beheaded in the end, or hung?
我不太清楚他的死因，真的 他最后上了斷頭臺(tái)?還是被吊死?
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
Now, those questions, which, of course, you've got right, and you haven't been conferring, and so on. And I -- you know, normally, I would pick people out and humiliate, but maybe not in this instance.
現(xiàn)在回到那四個(gè)問題，大家都知道是什么問題了 你們彼此之間也沒有討論答案 我平時(shí)習(xí)慣點(diǎn)人站起來回答讓他丟臉 不過這次就不點(diǎn)了
A little seed weighs a lot and, basically, all this stuff, 99 percent of this stuff, came out of the air. Now, I guarantee that about 85 percent of you, or maybe it's fewer at TED, will have said it comes out of the ground. And some people, probably two of you, will come up and argue with me afterwards, and say that actually, it comes out of the ground. Now, if that was true, we'd have trucks going round the country, filling people's gardens in with soil, it'd be a fantastic business. But, actually, we don't do that. The mass of this comes out of the air. Now, I passed all my biology exams in Britain. I passed them really well, but I still came out of school thinking that that stuff came out of the ground.
種籽可以很重，基本上所有的這些 99%都來自于空氣 我相信有85%的人，或許在你們TED會(huì)比較少 會(huì)說木材來自于大地，而有些人 也許你們中的一兩位， 可能結(jié)束后會(huì)來找我爭(zhēng)論 說木材其實(shí)是來自于大地 若是如此，那我們就會(huì)有讓卡車跑來跑去 把人們的花園都填上土，那會(huì)是很棒的生意。 不過實(shí)際上我們不會(huì)那么做 因?yàn)槟静牡牟牧洗蟛糠制鋵?shí)是從空氣中來的 我在英國念書時(shí)考生物每考必過 我的成績(jī)很好，但畢業(yè)后 還是以為木材來自于大地
Second one: can you light a little torch-bulb with a battery bulb and one piece of wire? Yes, you can, and I'll show you in a second how to do that. Now, I have some rather bad news, which is that I had a piece of video that I was about to show you, which unfortunately -- the sound doesn't work in this room, so I'm going to describe to you, in true "Monty Python" fashion, what happens in the video. And in the video, a group of researchers go to MIT on graduation day. We chose MIT because, obviously, that's a very long way away from here, and you wouldn't mind too much, but it sort of works the same way in Britain and in the West Coast of the USA. And we asked them these questions, and we asked those questions of science graduates, and they couldn't answer them. And so, there's a whole lot of people saying, "I'd be very surprised if you told me that this came out of the air. That's very surprising to me." And those are science graduates. And we intercut it with, "We are the premier science university in the world," because of British-like hubris.
你能用一枚電池和一根電線點(diǎn)亮燈泡嗎? 是，你可以，我會(huì)示范怎么做。 不過，現(xiàn)在有個(gè)壞消息 本來有個(gè)影片要給大家看 可惜在這邊聲音放不出來 所以我就口頭描述一下的，用巨蟒劇團(tuán)的表演方式， 影片內(nèi)容是這樣的，在影片里有一群研究員 在畢業(yè)典禮那天去麻省理工學(xué)院 為什么是麻省理工呢?因?yàn)樗x這里很遠(yuǎn) 大家也就不會(huì)太介意 不過場(chǎng)景設(shè)在英國結(jié)果也差不多 或是設(shè)在美國西岸 我們問了麻省理工的畢業(yè)生這四個(gè)問題 這些理工科畢業(yè)生也答不出來 而且還有很多學(xué)生表示 “我很驚訝你說木材是從空氣中來的 ”這真的讓我很吃驚“，那些理工的畢業(yè)生這么說 我們用”我們是全球第一的理工大學(xué)“來作影片的結(jié)尾。 因?yàn)橛撕馨谅?/p>
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
And when we gave graduate engineers that question, they said it couldn't be done. And when we gave them a battery, and a piece of wire, and a bulb, and said, "Can you do it?" They couldn't do it. Right? And that's no different from Imperial College in London, by the way, it's not some sort of anti-American thing going on.
我們拿第二個(gè)問題去問碩士畢業(yè)的工程師們 他們說這不可能做得到 我們拿了電池、電線、和燈泡 問他們”你能做到嗎?“，他們沒辦法，是吧? 順道一提，倫敦的帝國學(xué)院的情況估計(jì)也差不多如此 我們不是在做什么反美的事
As if. Now, the reason this matters is we pay lots and lots of money for teaching people -- we might as well get it right. And there are also some societal reasons why we might want people to understand what it is that's happening in photosynthesis. For example, one half of the carbon equation is how much we emit, and the other half of the carbon equation, as I'm very conscious as a trustee of Kew, is how much things soak up, and they soak up carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.
雖然聽來頗像。問題的關(guān)鍵是我們花了很多錢 來教育大眾，我們應(yīng)該正確地來做這件事。 其中也有一些社會(huì)因素 讓我們想使大眾了解光合作用如何運(yùn)作 例如，有一半的碳儲(chǔ)量是人類排放的 而另一半碳儲(chǔ)量 我相當(dāng)關(guān)切，身為皇家植物園的受托管理人
That's what plants actually do for a living. And, for any Finnish people in the audience, this is a Finnish pun: we are, both literally and metaphorically, skating on thin ice if we don't understand that kind of thing.Now, here's how you do the battery and the bulb. It's so easy, isn't it? Of course, you all knew that. But if you haven't played with a battery and a bulb, if you've only seen a circuit diagram, you might not be able to do that, and that's one of the problems.
是植物吸收多少二氧化碳 植物就是以此維生的 如果在場(chǎng)有芬蘭人，這是芬蘭話的雙關(guān)語 我們無論在實(shí)際上或隱喻上，都是如履薄冰 要是我們不明白那些事 電池和燈泡只要這要做就行 很簡(jiǎn)單，不是嗎?你們都懂了 但要是你沒有親手碰過電池和燈泡 如果你只看過電路圖 你可能就做不出來，這是個(gè)麻煩
So, why is it hotter in summer than in winter? We learn, as children, that you get closer to something that's hot, and it burns you. It's a very powerful bit of learning, and it happens pretty early on. By extension, we think to ourselves, "Why it's hotter in summer than in winter must be because we're closer to the Sun." I promise you that most of you will have got that. Oh, you're all shaking your heads, but only a few of you are shaking your heads very firmly.
那么，為何夏天比冬天熱? 我們從小就知道，離熱的東西太近 你就被燙到，這真很有效的教育方法 很小的時(shí)候大家就學(xué)到了 延伸這個(gè)論點(diǎn)，我們覺得夏天比冬天熱 一定是因?yàn)槲覀冸x太陽比較近 我相信大多人都懂了 哦，大家都在搖頭 不過只有幾個(gè)人搖得很堅(jiān)定
Other ones are kind of going like this. All right. It's hotter in summer than in winter because the rays from the Sun are spread out more, right, because of the tilt of the Earth. And if you think the tilt is tilting us closer, no, it isn't. The Sun is 93 million miles away, and we're tilting like this, right? It makes no odds. In fact, in the Northern Hemisphere, we're further from the Sun in summer, as it happens, but it makes no odds, the difference.
其他人只是這樣子搖而已，好吧 夏天比冬天熱是因?yàn)樘柕妮椛渚€ 傳播得比較多，地球傾斜的關(guān)系 如果你以為是朝太陽的方向傾斜，那就錯(cuò)了 太陽離地球1億5千萬公里，地球傾斜角度大略如此 傾斜不是差別所在，在北半球 夏天時(shí)我們離太陽更遠(yuǎn) 跟傾斜沒有關(guān)系
OK, now, the scribble of the diagram of the solar system. If you believe, as most of you probably do, that it's hotter in summer than in winter because we're closer to the Sun, you must have drawn an ellipse. Right? That would explain it, right? Except, in your -- you're nodding -- now, in your ellipse, have you thought, "Well, what happens during the night?"
好，問題四是畫出太陽系的平面圖 如果大家相信，大多數(shù)可能都相信 夏天比冬天熱是因?yàn)榈厍螂x太陽較近 大家應(yīng)該都畫了橢圓形 對(duì)吧?這就能解釋了吧? 除非，你點(diǎn)頭了，你畫了個(gè)橢圓形 你有想過，「夜晚又是怎么回事」?
Between Australia and here, right, they've got summer and we've got winter, and what -- does the Earth kind of rush towards the Sun at night, and then rush back again? I mean, it's a very strange thing going on, and we hold these two models in our head, of what's right and what isn't right, and we do that, as human beings, in all sorts of fields.
澳洲和美國這邊，澳洲是夏天 這邊是冬天，難道說 地球在晚上會(huì)沖向太陽 然后再?zèng)_回來?這實(shí)在很奇怪 我們腦中有兩種思考模式，對(duì)的和錯(cuò)的 身為人類，我們?cè)诤芏囝I(lǐng)域都這樣思考
So, here's Copernicus' view of what the solar system looked like as a plan. That's pretty much what you should have on your piece of paper. Right? And this is NASA's view. They're stunningly similar. I hope you notice the coincidence here.
左邊是哥白尼畫的太陽系平面圖 跟你們紙上畫的差不多，對(duì)吧 右邊是NASA的版本，兩張圖非常相似 我希望大家注意其中的巧合 要是你知道人們有錯(cuò)誤觀念
What would you do if you knew that people had this misconception, right, in their heads, of elliptical orbits caused by our experiences as children? What sort of diagram would you show them of the solar system, to show that it's not really like that? You'd show them something like this, wouldn't you? It's a plan, looking down from above. But, no, look what I found in the textbooks. That's what you show people, right?
你會(huì)怎么做 在他們腦中，楕圓形的軌道 是他們兒時(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)教的嗎? 你會(huì)給他們看什么樣的太陽系示意圖? 證明太陽系不是他們想的那樣 你會(huì)給他們看這種圖嗎? 這是俯瞰的平面圖 可是并非如此，瞧瞧我在教科書里找到的 你會(huì)給他們看這種圖對(duì)吧?
These are from textbooks, from websites, educational websites -- and almost anything you pick up is like that. And the reason it's like that is because it's dead boring to have a load of concentric circles, whereas that's much more exciting, to look at something at that angle, isn't it? Right?
出自教科書 出自教育網(wǎng)站 你找得到的幾乎都是這種圖 會(huì)以這種視角呈現(xiàn)是因?yàn)?只有一堆同心圓太死板無趣 從這種視角看太陽系比較新鮮刺激 不是嗎?
And by doing it at that angle, if you've got that misconception in your head, then that two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional thing will be ellipses. So you've -- it's crap, isn't it really? As we say.
因?yàn)榕蛇@種視角 如果你腦中有了這種誤解 用二度空間來呈現(xiàn)三度空間就會(huì)變成橢圓形 這真是糟糕，可不是嗎?
So, these mental models -- we look for evidence that reinforces our models. We do this, of course, with matters of race, and politics, and everything else, and we do it in science as well. So we look, just look -- and scientists do it, constantly -- we look for evidence that reinforces our models, and some folks are just all too able and willing to provide the evidence that reinforces the models.
因此，我們尋求證據(jù)來增強(qiáng)我們的心智模式 我們用這種方式處理種族、政治、所有事 當(dāng)然也用這種方式處理科學(xué)，我們只觀看 是科學(xué)家在這么做，我們不斷尋求證據(jù) 來增強(qiáng)我們的心智模式，有些人很有辦法 也樂意提供證據(jù)來增強(qiáng)那些模式
So, being I'm in the United States, I'll have a dig at the Europeans. These are examples of what I would say is bad practice in science teaching centers.
所以我現(xiàn)在人在美國，就會(huì)說歐洲人的壞話 這些圖片都是我認(rèn)為不良的科學(xué)教育
These pictures are from La Villette in France and the welcome wing of the Science Museum in London. And, if you look at the, kind of the way these things are constructed, there's a lot of mediation by glass, and it's very blue, and kind of professional -- in that way that, you know, Woody Allen comes up from under the sheets in that scene in "Annie Hall," and said, "God, that's so professional." And that you don't -- there's no passion in it, and it's not hands on, right, and, you know, pun intended.
類似教學(xué)中心，這些圖取自法國維葉特科博館 以及倫敦科博館的迎賓翼展示區(qū) 你看看這些東西建成的模樣 有很多玻璃隔板，藍(lán)光色調(diào)，弄得很專業(yè)似的 那種方式，就像是伍迪艾倫從床單里冒出來 在《安妮霍爾》戲中的那一幕 他說“老天，這真是太專業(yè)了” 這其中沒有熱情，沒有動(dòng)手參與，是嗎 這是個(gè)雙關(guān)，不過也有好的教學(xué)方法
Whereas good interpretation -- I'll use an example from nearby -- is San Francisco Exploratorium, where all the things that -- the demonstrations, and so on, are made out of everyday objects that children can understand, it's very hands-on, and they can engage with, and experiment with. And I know that if the graduates at MIT and in the Imperial College in London had had the battery and the wire and the bit of stuff, and you know, been able to do it, they would have learned how it actually works, rather than thinking that they follow circuit diagrams and can't do it. So good interpretation is more about things that are bodged and stuffed and of my world, right? And things that -- where there isn't an extra barrier of a piece of glass or machined titanium, and it all looks fantastic, OK?
我舉一個(gè)例子，離這里很近，舊金山探索館 在那里所有的東西，展示品之類的 都是用孩子能懂的日常用品做成的 都可以動(dòng)手玩，孩子們可以專心玩好好體驗(yàn) 我知道麻省理工畢業(yè)生 以及倫敦帝國學(xué)院畢業(yè)生 手上有電池電線點(diǎn)亮燈泡的話 他們會(huì)明白其中的原理 而不是覺得他們照著電路圖來做是做不到的 好的教學(xué)方法不是 沉溺陶醉在自己世界里對(duì)吧? 那些東西也不該被隔著 用玻璃或是鈦制品隔開 看起來很漂亮就好，好嗎?
And the Exploratorium does that really, really well. And it's amateur, but amateur in the best sense, in other words, the root of the word being of love and passion.
舊金山探索館在這點(diǎn)做得非常好 看上去很業(yè)余，但業(yè)余得很對(duì)頭 也就是說，根本的出發(fā)點(diǎn)是出自愛和熱情
So, children are not empty vessels, OK?So, as "Monty Python" would have it, this is a bit Lord Privy Seal to say so, but this is -- children are not empty vessels.
所以，孩童不是空瓶子 用“巨蟒劇團(tuán)”的說法 就是有點(diǎn)像英國掌璽大臣會(huì)說的 意思是說孩童不是空無一物的瓶子
They come with their own ideas and their own theories, and unless you work with those, then you won't be able to shift them, right?
他們生來就有自己的想法和理念 如果你沒從這些地方著手，就改變不了他們 對(duì)吧?
And I probably haven't shifted your ideas of how the world and universe operates, either. But this applies, equally, to matters of trying to sell new technology.
我大概沒有改變大家的想法 對(duì)于世界和宇宙到底如何運(yùn)作 不過這些道理同樣可以用在推銷新科技上也
For example, we are, in Britain, we're trying to do a digital switchover of the whole population into digital technology [for television].
例如，在英國，我們?cè)囍讶康碾娨?都換成新科技的數(shù)位電視
And it's one of the difficult things is that when people have preconceptions of how it all works, it's quite difficult to shift those.
有個(gè)難題是 人們對(duì)事物運(yùn)作的方式一旦有了成見 就很難去改變
So we're not empty vessels; the mental models that we have as children persist into adulthood. Poor teaching actually does more harm than good.
我們不是空瓶子，我們保有心智模式 從幼年到成年一直都存在 不良的教學(xué)是弊多于利
In this country and in Britain, magnetism is understood better by children before they've been to school than afterwards, OK? Same for gravity, two concepts, so it's -- which is quite humbling, as a, you know, if you're a teacher, and you look before and after, that's quite worrying. They do worse in tests afterwards, after the teaching.
在美國和英國，在磁力知識(shí)上 孩童在就學(xué)前學(xué)得比較好 重力知識(shí)也一樣，兩個(gè)不同概念，這實(shí)在可悲 如果你是個(gè)老師，看見受教前和受教后的差別 實(shí)在令人憂心，學(xué)童在受教后考得更差
And we collude. We design tests, or at least in Britain, so that people pass them. Right? And governments do very well. They pat themselves on the back. OK?
我們都是共犯，我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)測(cè)驗(yàn)方式 至少在英國是這樣，好讓人們能通過考試 政府也幫了不少忙，他們推波助瀾 懂嗎?
We collude, and actually if you -- if someone had designed a test for me when I was doing my biology exams, to really understand, to see whether I'd understood more than just kind of putting starch and iodine together and seeing it go blue, and really understood that plants took their mass out of the air, then I might have done better at science. So the most important thing is to get people to articulate their models.
我們都是共犯 如果有人替我設(shè)計(jì)測(cè)驗(yàn) 在我要考生物的時(shí)候 讓我能真正明白，明白我是否真的懂了 不是只在淀粉中加入碘液 看著反應(yīng)呈現(xiàn)藍(lán)色 而且能真正明白植物是從空氣中茁壯的 我的科學(xué)可能就會(huì)學(xué)得比較好 所以，最重要的是要讓人們能表述清楚他們的模型
Your homework is -- you know, how does an aircraft's wing create lift? An obvious question, and you'll have an answer now in your heads. And the second question to that then is, ensure you've explained how it is that planes can fly upside down. Ah ha, right.
回家作業(yè)是，機(jī)翼是怎樣幫助飛機(jī)起飛的? 這問題很好懂，大家心中也有答案了 注意事項(xiàng)是 你要確保自己能解釋為何飛機(jī)頭向下的時(shí)候也能飛， 對(duì)吧
Second question is, why is the sea blue? All right? And you've all got an idea in your head of the answer. So, why is it blue on cloudy days? Ah, see.
問題二，海為何是藍(lán)色的? 大家心中應(yīng)該都有答案了 那么，為什么陰天時(shí)海還是藍(lán)的?看吧 (笑聲) 我一直想在美國講這句話
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
I've always wanted to say that in this country. (Laughter) Finally, my plea to you is to allow yourselves, and your children, and anyone you know, to kind of fiddle with stuff, because it's by fiddling with things that you, you know, you complement your other learning. It's not a replacement, it's just part of learning that's important. Thank you very much. Now -- oh, oh yeah, go on then, go on.
最后，我希望大家能讓自己，還有孩子 以及任何你認(rèn)識(shí)的人，去動(dòng)手接觸事物 因?yàn)橛H自接觸了事物，你知道的 你就補(bǔ)足了其他方面的學(xué)習(xí)不足，這不是替換 這只是學(xué)習(xí)中很重要的一部分 謝謝大家 那么，噢，沒關(guān)系，繼續(xù)吧
(Applause)
(鼓掌)
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