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It is now established that the Milky Way is far more extended and of much greater mass than was hitherto thought.
However, all that is visible of the constituents of the Milky Way's corona (outer edge), where much of the galaxy's mass must be located, is a tiny fraction of the corona's mass.
Thus, most of the Milky Way's outlying matter must be dark.
Why? Three facts are salient. First, dwarf galaxies and globular clusters, into which most of the stars of the
Milky Way's corona are probably bound, consist mainly of old stars.
Second, old stars are not highly luminous.
Third, no one has detected in the corona the clouds of gaseous matter such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide that are characteristic of the bright parts of a galaxy.
10. The passage as a whole is primarily concerned with
(A) analyzing a current debate
(B) criticizing a well-established theory
(C) showing how new facts support a previously dismissed hypothesis
(D) stating a conclusion and adducing evidence that may justify it
(E) contrasting two types of phenomena and showing how they are related
11. Select the sentence that the author implicitly indicates what astronomers believed about the Milky Way until fairly recently.
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Stray dogs in Chile——Spray as you go
智利的流浪犬：想去哪就去哪
The state orders a sterilization of stray mutts
國家下令給流浪犬們殺菌
IT IS one of the first things that visitors to Santiago, the Chilean capital, ask: “Why are there so many dogs everywhere?” Patricia Cocas, founder of ProAnimal Chile, an animal-rights group, reckons that some 180,000 stray hounds wander the city of six million people; a further 80,000 are let out by their owners to roam as they please. The area around the presidential palace is a favored hangout. Most mutts are harmless enough—Chile is free of rabies, which helps explain why they are tolerated. But some attack passers-by or chase cars down Santiago's main thoroughfare, the Alameda, occasionally ripping tires with their teeth.
游客們去智利首都圣地亞哥旅行時，最初會打聽的問題之一是：“為什么這兒到處都是狗呢?”智利的動物權利小組專業(yè)動物組織發(fā)起人Patricia Cocas估計大約十八萬只流浪犬逡巡于六百萬城市人口之間;有超過八萬只流浪犬被它們的主人遺棄，任它們流浪。總統府附近地區(qū)就是他們最喜歡閑逛的位子。大部分流浪狗對人無害—智利沒有狂犬病。這也就是流浪犬被容忍的原因。但是一些流浪犬攻擊行人或者在圣地亞哥的主干道——林蔭大道上追逐車輛，它們有時會用牙齒撕咬輪胎。
The government is now taking action. In her state-of-the-union speech last month, President Michelle Bachelet announced a national sterilization programme for stray dogs (the details are still to be fleshed out). A bill on responsible pet ownership is due to come before ConGREss this month. It envisages tougher penalties for those who abuse or abandon their pets, and the establishment of a register of dangerous dogs.
政府現在正在采取措施應對。在上個月總統米歇爾?巴切萊特的國情咨文演說中聲明了一項針對流浪狗的國家除菌項目(細節(jié)還在補充當中)。這個月一份針對寵物所有權的法案將被交付國會。它預期針對那些虐待或遺棄寵物的人實施更重的懲罰，并且建立一家危險流浪狗管理處。
Ms. Bachelet is trying to make the pooches political, weaving them into a broader narrative about inequality. Chile's cities need affordable veterinary centers where pets can be vaccinated and sterilized, she said in her speech. “In our country wealthy people can do that, but people without money have no way of caring for their pets.” But she insists there will be no cull of strays. For now, the mongrels on the lawns outside the palace where she works can sleep in peace.
巴切萊特正試圖將處理流浪狗問題正式化，將它們同一個更寬泛意義上的不平等陳述結合到遺棄。她在演說中說智利的各個城市需要建立可支付得起的收益中心，在那兒寵物們可以接種疫苗以及除菌?！拔覀儑腋蝗藗兛梢詫嵤┠琼椥袆拥歉F人們就無法照看他們的寵物?！钡撬龍猿址穸ㄍ罋⒘骼斯贰Ｖ辽佻F在，總統府外，她散步的草坪上的流浪狗們能安閑地睡覺。
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Undercover on a Segway—Tourists beware
攝位車上進行的“秘密活動”：游客們當心
A report from the seamy underworld of unlicensed tour guides
關于無證導游這個陰暗地下世界的報道
A TERRIBLE threat stalks the streets of Washington, DC: unlicensed tour guides. These brazen lawbreakers imperil the public by showing them around the nation's capital without a permit. Your correspondent went undercover to observe at first hand the dangers tourists face in their clutches. It was harrowing. First, your correspondent had to balance on a Segway, a two-wheeled vehicle from which she could have fallen several inches to the cold, hard pavement. “Just try to relax,” purred Bill Main, the outlaw guide, “It's easy.” With white knuckles and a pink helmet, the tour began.
華盛頓特區(qū)大街上正蔓延著一個可怕的威脅：無證導游。這些無恥的違法者擾亂公共秩序，在沒有許可的情況下帶領游客們參觀這個國家的首都。記者親歷地下世界去觀察第一手游客們關鍵時刻面臨的危險。這讓人很恐懼。首先，記者必須在攝位車上保持平衡，這種兩輪電動車有讓她從任何一邊摔向冰冷堅硬的人行道上的可能性。“別擔心，”違法導游Bill Main發(fā)出喉音說道，“很簡單的。”在興奮、緊張中帶著一個粉色的頭盔，這趟行程開始了。
Mr. Main never took the exam to become a tour guide, so your correspondent braced herself to hear a torrent of errors. Would he claim that the White House was once destroyed by aliens, as in the film “Independence Day”? No. Actually, he was pretty good. Yet he could be jailed for 90 days if caught. Washington requires all guides to pay $200 and take an exam. That adds up: Segs in the City, the firm Mr. Main runs with his wife, Tonia Edwards, employs a dozen guides.
Main從未參加過成為導游的考試，因此記者準備好了聽到一大串錯誤信息。他會說白宮曾被外星人摧毀過一次么，就像電影“獨立日”中的場景那樣?不會，事實上，他很好。然而如果他被抓到了會被判監(jiān)禁90天。華盛頓要求所有導游付費200刀然后參加考試。還要加上：Main和太太Tonia Edwards運營的公司城市攝位車公司雇傭的大批導游。
The permit system protects incumbents, raises prices and kills jobs. Mr. Main also believes that it violates his right to free speech. Robert McNamara of the Institute for Justice, a libertarian law firm, aGREes. “The government cannot restrict speech unless there is evidence the speech is causing harm,” he explains. Tour guide patter hardly qualifies. Mr. McNamara helped Segs in the City file a lawsuit against the city government in 2010. The city won; Mr. Main's appeal reached a DC federal court on May 5th. The city defends the license as an essential safeguard for consumers.
許可系統保護了在職者們，提高了價格，削減了崗位Main也相信系統侵犯了他的言語自由權。自由論法律公司——司法研究所的Robert McNamara同意他的話。“政府不能限制Main的言語除非有證據說他造成了傷害，”他說道。導游的話很難界定資格。McNamara在2010年幫助城市攝位車旅游公司起訴了市政府。但是政府勝訴了;Main在5月5號上訴到特區(qū)聯邦法庭。市政府辯護到證書是為消費者設置的必要護衛(wèi)。
In the 1950s only one American worker in 20 needed a permit from the government; today that figure is around one in three. Some jobs, such as doctors, clearly need strict controls. But some states require licenses for florists and interior designers. Such permits tend to cost hundreds of dollars and months of extra training, yet offer little benefit to consumers, says Morris Kleiner, an economist at the University of Minnesota. Sometimes customers, like undercover tourists, can look after themselves.
20世紀50年代政府平均20人中之批準了一位美國工人成為導游;今天數據到了大約三個過一個。一些工作，比如說醫(yī)生，明確需要嚴格控制。但是一些州要求花匠和室內設計者考取證書。這種許可證需要花費數百美元和長達數月的額外培訓，然而這對消費者來說受益甚微，明尼蘇達大學的經濟學家Morris Kleiner說。一些客戶，比如“從事間諜活動的”旅游者們，能照看好他們自己。
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