亚洲一区爱区精品无码_无码熟妇人妻AV_日本免费一区二区三区最新_国产AV寂寞骚妇

提升托福寫作速度的正確方法介紹13篇

時間:2022-11-03 04:14:00 綜合范文

  下面是范文網(wǎng)小編收集的提升托福寫作速度的正確方法介紹13篇,以供借鑒。

提升托福寫作速度的正確方法介紹13篇

提升托福寫作速度的正確方法介紹1

  GMAT寫作速度提升方法

  GMAT寫作考試的備&考溫習(xí)中,考生若想進(jìn)步本人作文構(gòu)思的速度,那么就要處理思想方面的問題,也就是學(xué)會用英語(論壇)構(gòu)思作文,由于這樣的構(gòu)思減少了翻譯的過程。試想一下,假如考生運(yùn)用漢語構(gòu)思,在列出文章大綱之后,還要逐字逐句地將其翻譯成相對應(yīng)的英語,然后再準(zhǔn)備資料組織闡述,這勢必會糜費很多寫作的珍貴時間。GMAT考試的溫習(xí)備考中,寫作資源是來自方方面面的,英語思想的鍛煉也是與各項溫習(xí)同步停止的,考生做過的GMAT閱讀、語法、邏輯等標(biāo)題都能夠成為作文考試的備&考資源。GMAT考試的備考溫習(xí)中,邏輯標(biāo)題向考生說明了句子的邏輯關(guān)系,考生能夠根據(jù)這些關(guān)系來組織本人立論和駁論文的根本框架,在論述觀念時標(biāo)明本人的邏輯剖析才能。

  背誦優(yōu)美文章為GMAT寫作速度提高的內(nèi)功

  GMAT的語法標(biāo)題能夠協(xié)助&考生學(xué)會適用、簡約、分明地表達(dá)本人的意義,美化句子。而閱讀方面,考生能夠從中學(xué)習(xí)一些長難句,并學(xué)習(xí)作者立論和證明論點的過程,學(xué)習(xí)其中的過渡段落等等。GMAT寫作考試的備&考溫習(xí)中,考試在充沛應(yīng)用閱讀、邏輯、語法標(biāo)題停止英語思想轉(zhuǎn)換之后,還要多閱讀一些范文,學(xué)習(xí)他人行文的辦法,使之轉(zhuǎn)化成本人的資源,并且多加練習(xí),一朝一夕寫作就不是一件難事了。

  提高自己打字速度為GMAT寫作提高的外功

  GMAT寫作考試的備&考溫習(xí)中,還有一項影響寫作速度的就是考生的打字速度。打字功夫不是一天練出來的,要保證速度,還要保證正確率,我在第一次考試時,以為本人經(jīng)過在北京新東方上得幾節(jié)課,加上本人的練習(xí)肯定能拿高分的。可是卻由于鍵盤輸入的問題呈現(xiàn)一些原本能夠防止的'錯誤,招致我作文成果很差。其實GMAT寫作考試并不一定請求考生必需會盲打,有些人習(xí)氣了漢語的輸入法,由于能夠應(yīng)用輸入法的聯(lián)想功用,而輸入單詞時,這樣的優(yōu)勢就沒有了,常常會由于不熟習(xí)鍵盤或者慌張形成單詞的拼寫錯誤。在這里倡議大家平常寫作時就刻意地增強(qiáng)鍵盤的練習(xí),本人手寫出來的文章也要用鍵盤輸?shù)诫娔X里,并且嚴(yán)厲規(guī)則輸入的時間。我倡議那些對電腦指法不熟習(xí)的考生每天用半個小時左右的時間練習(xí)打字,在輸入單詞時心中默念單詞,防止輸入錯誤,盡量使輸入不連續(xù),這樣能夠保證你的英語思想不被打亂。

  GMAT寫作的備&考溫習(xí)中,應(yīng)當(dāng)留意的一點是,字?jǐn)?shù)多不代表廢話多,考生一定不要為了湊字?jǐn)?shù)而生搬硬套,將一個觀念反復(fù)表述,最重要的還是要注重段落內(nèi)部及段落間邏輯的轉(zhuǎn)換以及言語的運(yùn)用,只要邏輯明晰、言辭精確,才干夠稱得上一篇好文章,也才會得到稱心的分?jǐn)?shù)。

提升托福寫作速度的正確方法介紹2

  寫作速度的正確方法

  一、加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)

  考生在托福獨立寫作時之所以會感覺時間不夠用,要么是在組織文章結(jié)構(gòu)上有困難,要么就是打字速度慢。考生遇到這種情況,一定要分析自身的原因,尋找解決的辦法。

  如果是因為不會組織文章結(jié)構(gòu),那么考生可以認(rèn)真研究一下近幾年的托福寫作機(jī)經(jīng),將機(jī)經(jīng)中的題目一一列出提綱,然后參考范文,對我們的思路進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充和糾正。之所以研究機(jī)經(jīng),是因為新托福寫作考試獨立寫作題目經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)重復(fù)的情況,如果熟悉機(jī)經(jīng)題目,考試中遇到原題就可以節(jié)省大量的思考時間。如果是因為打字速度慢導(dǎo)致寫不完,那么考生可以在平時找一些英語材料,多練習(xí)打字,提高打字速度。

  二、加強(qiáng)??季毩?xí)

  為了避免出現(xiàn)考試答不完的情況,考生在平時就要養(yǎng)成限時練習(xí)的'習(xí)慣,嚴(yán)格要求自己在規(guī)定考試時間內(nèi)完成寫作。有些考生習(xí)慣了在沒有時間壓力的情況下進(jìn)行練習(xí),雖然最后寫出的文章思路清晰、內(nèi)容豐富,但是這種答題方式不利于在考場上發(fā)揮出真正水平。如果考生在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)完不成寫作,一定要認(rèn)真分析原因。如果是在思路組織或者打字速度上出了問題,那么就按照以上方法加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)。如果是在內(nèi)容展開方面出現(xiàn)了問題,那么平時就要注意多積累一些素材和范例,以便在考試中借鑒和引用??傊忌诳紙錾弦盐蘸脮r間,不要因為時間問題而導(dǎo)致失分。

  三、積累寫作素材

提升托福寫作速度的正確方法介紹3

  考生在托福獨立寫作時之所以會感覺時間不夠用,要么是在組織文章結(jié)構(gòu)上有困難,要么就是打字速度慢。考生遇到這種情況,一定要分析自身的原因,尋找解決的辦法。

  如果是因為不會組織文章結(jié)構(gòu),那么考生可以認(rèn)真研究一下近幾年的托福寫作機(jī)經(jīng),將機(jī)經(jīng)中的題目一一列出提綱,然后參考范文,對我們的思路進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充和糾正。之所以研究機(jī)經(jīng),是因為新托福寫作考試獨立寫作題目經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)重復(fù)的情況,如果熟悉機(jī)經(jīng)題目,考試中遇到原題就可以節(jié)省大量的思考時間。如果是因為打字速度慢導(dǎo)致寫不完,那么考生可以在平時找一些英語材料,多練習(xí)打字,提高打字速度。

提升托福寫作速度的正確方法介紹4

  托福獨立寫作如何提升速度?3個合理分配時間小TIPS分享

  托福獨立寫作審題環(huán)節(jié)時間分配建議

  托福獨立寫作的第一步是審題、確定托福立場、列出理由(只需要在草稿紙上用英文單詞或漢語列出各個理由,防止遺忘),最少3分鐘最多5分鐘。要避免兩個極端:

  a.用時太少,理由沒有想清楚就開始寫,不僅造成文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)不清,還會引起行文中頻繁的修正,欲速則不達(dá);

  b.用時太多,不要追求一次思考就能把每一條理由及相關(guān)例證都想出來。其實想出兩條之后就可以動筆,各個理由的例證可以寫到該段時邊思考邊寫。這一點你不必懷疑,只要你的思維還是正常的,一定能做到。

  托福獨立寫作正文用時細(xì)節(jié)建議

  托福正文寫作最少22分鐘最多26分鐘:

  a.各段寫作時,注意對段落的不同部分給予不同的重視。主題句給予最大重視,注意煉句,別說你不想寫主題句,主題句可以使讀者和筆者本人更清晰該段落寫什么。各段中支持性細(xì)節(jié)寫作不必遵循相同的模式。

  有n種選擇可供參考:1.舉具體事例;2.說對方相對缺點;3.使用數(shù)據(jù);4.使用假想例子;5.使用類比、比喻、引用等修辭手段來論述。哪一種你最容易想出來,就用哪一種。

  b.考前將文章開頭、結(jié)尾、例證、讓步等各種句型背熟練,并且練習(xí)和??紩r把他們用熟,要象做完型填空一樣對待考場作文。別試圖在考場上再去臨時決定比如哪種開頭好,怎樣結(jié)尾好。使用自己選種的套話。

  c.當(dāng)被告知還有5分鐘結(jié)束時,一般你應(yīng)該已經(jīng)寫到最后一條理由,或者已經(jīng)在做結(jié)尾。要確保文章有結(jié)尾段(不排除將它和最后一條理由的末段結(jié)合在一起的可能性)。

  托福獨立寫作檢查環(huán)節(jié)需要用多少時間?

  托福寫作寫完還有檢查環(huán)節(jié)要做好,檢查需要1-3分鐘,考生要有側(cè)重點地檢查:

  a.句法:確保每句話是完整的,有謂語,且簡單句只有一個謂語。

  b.時態(tài):文章絕大部分使用的是一般現(xiàn)在時;一般現(xiàn)在時第三人稱要使用單數(shù);使用過去發(fā)生的事例時用的是過去時;c.主謂一致按此三步,持續(xù)練習(xí)5篇以上,可以確保時間問題。

  E-rater文章查重 托福寫作模板還能不能用

  根據(jù)上述大家的疑惑,今天就從四個維度來和大家聊聊托福寫作評分。

  一、揭密E-Rater評分系統(tǒng)

  到目前為止,ETS是全球最大的測試服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)之一。每年都能積累大量的文章數(shù)據(jù),并不斷地進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)更新,其評分系統(tǒng)也是在持續(xù)智能化提升。E-Rater則更像是一個運(yùn)算系統(tǒng),能將輸入的文章內(nèi)容和數(shù)據(jù)庫里的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行對比和批閱,這也增強(qiáng)了評分的廣泛度和靈活度。

  而托福寫作中,E-Rater負(fù)責(zé)的Linguistic部分主要是是考察大家如下幾個維度:

  Organization&Development(文章組織和發(fā)展):主題句,主題詞等。

  Grammar(語法):包括主謂一致、單復(fù)數(shù)、run-on句子、不完整句子等。

  Usage(用詞):冠詞使用、介詞、形容詞副詞混淆、單詞形式錯誤、口語用詞等。

  Mechanics(格式):包括拼寫、大小寫、標(biāo)點符號等。

  Style(語言風(fēng)格):詞匯的重復(fù)率、詞匯使用是否恰當(dāng)、并列連詞、長短句子數(shù)量、語態(tài)等。

  二、E-Rater新出小動作

  其實在11月某場托??荚囍校毩懽黝}目下面特地用一行灰色的小字標(biāo)注:Do not use memorized examples。不要死記硬背套用模板!根據(jù)目前各位小伙伴們反應(yīng)的情況來看,ETS老奶奶很可能又建立了用于查重的作文資料庫。這就不明覺厲了。

  也就是說,網(wǎng)上那些流傳的模板,還有你歷次考試的試卷,都能在庫里搜集到。只要考試時一套用模板,系統(tǒng)就會立即發(fā)現(xiàn)這篇文章和資料庫里的文章有大量重疊。

  這時候無論你文章寫得再好,語句邏輯多么流暢,也都別想會拿到高分了。只要不是極低分就該謝謝自己運(yùn)氣爆棚了。

  三、是否還有安全的寫作模板

  請?zhí)岢鲞@個問題的朋友們醒醒吧。

  雖然很理解大家之前辛辛苦苦背了很久模板,突然不能用了這種感覺。但是各位真的不要再想著套用模板了!

  連自己考試時寫過的作文再套用,都可能得低分。更何況你是隨手百度來、老師給的通用模板,都不知道在系統(tǒng)里出現(xiàn)過多少次了,分?jǐn)?shù)只會更低。

  當(dāng)然,如果不死心的小伙伴,也可以自己嘗試一下創(chuàng)作模板,寫和別人完全不一樣的。但這需要老師幫忙更改,注意語法語句等錯誤。

  不過小助手還是不建議這樣做啦。畢竟考一次托福價格也擺在那里,自己的時間成本也相當(dāng)重要,沒必要以身犯險哦。所以,模板什么的,請下定決心拋棄吧。

  四、如何系統(tǒng)性練習(xí)托福寫作

  既然ETS做事這么雷厲風(fēng)行,斷了大家用模板的路,那么小助手為大家扒出一些托福獨立寫作的備考策略,希望能多多幫助到大家。

  1、積累語料

  雖然大面積的套用模板是不行了,但是我們可以學(xué)習(xí)句式啊。用一些好的句式結(jié)構(gòu),加上自己想說的語句,這樣又是一段新的文章啦。

  比如:A give B a huge advantage over C

  結(jié)構(gòu)來源:It may seem that this cultural continuity gives us a huge advantage over ants.

  模仿使用:The low price of labor gives China a huge advantage over other countries.

  2、不斷練習(xí),精進(jìn)寫作能力

  總歸來說,托福寫作還是需要不斷練習(xí),精進(jìn)寫作能力,以自己過硬的實力應(yīng)對考試的各種變化。

  關(guān)于語法、思路內(nèi)容方面的細(xì)節(jié),都是我們寫下來才會被發(fā)現(xiàn)。在練習(xí)時還來得及糾錯,等拖到考試時再發(fā)現(xiàn)可就晚了。

  基礎(chǔ)比較好的同學(xué)呢,可以給自己限時寫一篇完整的文章?;A(chǔ)不太好的同學(xué)那就就可以先練習(xí)不限時,或者寫一兩個小段落,熟悉熟悉各種詞匯的運(yùn)用。

  好啦,以上就是關(guān)于托福寫作模板的相關(guān)分析啦。小伙伴們最主要的還是要專心備考,增強(qiáng)自己的寫作能力。這樣不管以后ETS老奶奶再有什么變化,各位都能見招拆招,取得理想成績

  托福寫作語料庫積累:哪種朋友最重要

  Thefriends that you can have fun with are more important than the friends that you canget help from?

  你喜歡交可以給你帶來快樂的朋友還是可以幫助你的朋友?

  托福寫作語料庫

  1. A close and congenial friend is what every individual aspires after.

  擁有親密無間的和志同道合的朋友是人人都渴望的。

【 點評】:…… is what every individual aspires after …… 是人人渴望的

【點評】:congenial friends = like-minded friends n 志同道合的朋友

  2. A day without friendship is like a day without sunshine.

  沒有友誼的生活就像是沒有陽光的生活。

【點評】:個性開篇,談及友誼對于生活的意義。

  3. a trustworthy friend n 值得信賴的朋友

【點評】:trustworthy = reliable adj 可以信賴的

  4. Those who can go through thick and thin together with you

  那些可以和你風(fēng)雨同舟的人(作家文采)

  5. a shoulder to cry on n

  可以提供慰藉的人

【點評】:該短語是口語用法,比較地道,寫作中可使用一次,體現(xiàn)表達(dá)的豐富。

  6. a humorous friend = a friend with great sense of humor n 一個幽默的朋友

  7. enjoy wonderful time together = have fun together v 一起享受歡樂時光

  8.sincere friends n 真誠的朋友

  9. intimate friends n 親密的朋友

  10. bosom friends n 密友;知己

提升托福寫作速度的正確方法介紹5

  托福閱讀如何提升做題速度?請先解決這3個拖后腿原因

  托福閱讀做題慢原因分析:基本功不扎實

  同樣一個單詞,對于認(rèn)識的學(xué)生和需要上下文語境理解的學(xué)生來說,顯然前者更快。所謂的巧婦難為無米之炊就是這個道理。同樣的一個句子,有的同學(xué)讀了一遍,意思就在腦子存在了,而有的同學(xué)卻是需要反復(fù)讀句子,斷句,分析意群,還有可能理解錯了,如果文章都理解錯了,那么想做題做對就難了。

  所以,磨刀不誤砍柴工,時間充裕的同學(xué),在備考之初,努力打下堅實的詞匯和讀句子的基礎(chǔ)是明智之舉。

  托福閱讀做題慢原因分析:對待考試的態(tài)度決定你的速度

  小編曾聽一些托福老師反映,常會遇見這樣的學(xué)生,距離考前還有1個月或者一周來上課。有位老師甚至接過考前一天找她上課的學(xué)生,說老師你幫我把題型過一遍,明天就考試了,我熟悉一下。這樣的做法小編不能說一點用沒有,確實也會有幫助。必須承認(rèn),出國類的考試確實有一些規(guī)律可循,可以利用,這也是托福老師的任務(wù),總結(jié)規(guī)律,抓住規(guī)律,幫助學(xué)生考到理想的分?jǐn)?shù)。

  但是想拔高,想拿到高分,不能只靠捷徑,不能只靠技巧。

  托福閱讀做題慢原因分析:做題數(shù)量不夠?qū)е伦鲱}慢

  導(dǎo)致做題慢的另外一個原因就是做題少。做題規(guī)律好說,但是真正落實筆頭上的練習(xí)才是最重要的。就像我們中國的高考,一般的規(guī)律都是,各科老師會在高一高二把知識點講解完畢,最多也會在高三上學(xué)期把各科的知識點講解收尾,留下將近一年的時間進(jìn)行刷題??季毩?xí),其用意無外乎就是學(xué)以致用,把學(xué)過的規(guī)律活學(xué)活用,在規(guī)定的時間內(nèi)完美的呈現(xiàn)在考卷上。

  這也是為什么小編不是特別推薦“臨時抱佛腳”。沒有大批量的做題練習(xí),就不會引起質(zhì)量的變化。同樣,做題時間是需要刷題來縮短的。所以Practice makes prerfect是真理。

  關(guān)于學(xué)生在規(guī)定時間內(nèi),也就是1個小時不能完成3篇托福閱讀還有很多其他的原因,比如不適應(yīng)機(jī)考,比如自己會無限制的腦補(bǔ)等等,但是以上提及的3條如果能夠?qū)ΠY下藥,克服掉,那么閱讀的時間不再會是問題。

  托福閱讀長難句:教師教學(xué)

  This was justified by the view that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching.(TPO9, 45)

  paucity /?p?s?ti/ n.少量,少許,少數(shù)

  This was justified (by the view) (that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching.)(TPO9, 45)

  分析:

  修飾一:(bythe view),介詞短語,修飾justified

  中文:通過這個觀點

  修飾二:(that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching.),超級無敵長的同位語從句,解釋view的內(nèi)容,在從句中還有一個并列結(jié)構(gòu)A and B

  中文:反思實踐可以幫助教師帶著更多思考去融入他們在教學(xué)中的角色和工作,并使他們能在教學(xué)法中處理科學(xué)事實的缺乏和知識的不確定。

  參考翻譯:

  這是合理的,因為基于這樣的觀點:反思實踐可以幫助教師帶著更多思考去融入他們在教學(xué)中的角色和工作,并使他們能在教學(xué)法中處理科學(xué)事實的缺乏和知識的不確定。

  這個句子的主要修飾成分就是介詞短語和從句,大家務(wù)必想清楚,每一個修飾成分修飾的是什么,才能看清楚這個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。

  托福閱讀長難句:云層吸收地面逆輻射

  托福長難句拆解實例

  對處于托福備考初期的考生來說,影響閱讀單科成績的兩大基本功無外乎詞匯和語法。

  托??荚囋~匯量一般要求7000-10000不等。短期來看,閱讀過程中遇到過多生詞造成的卡頓會嚴(yán)重拖慢當(dāng)時的閱讀速度,進(jìn)而降低解題速度及準(zhǔn)確率;長期而言,過多生詞會抑制閱讀興趣,導(dǎo)致沒有動力去主動積累各類文章泛讀量,進(jìn)而妨礙整體閱讀速度的提升。備考初期突擊解決托福閱讀中生詞問題,往往需要集中精力用2個月甚至更長時間。

  然而,考生們經(jīng)常遇到的另一個問題是,盡管一個長句里沒有生詞,但因包含復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)造成全局理解障礙。其實,我們只要具備基本的高中語法知識,僅需1到2周語法強(qiáng)化拆解訓(xùn)練,即可達(dá)到讀懂任何沒有生詞的長難句的水平。

  遇到長難句(排除生詞的情況),一遍讀不懂時,我們可以先試著找出它的主干。主干相當(dāng)于句子的骨架,包含要表達(dá)的主要信息。句子除主干外,往往含有其它各種成分,這些相當(dāng)于句子的血肉(通常包含大量附加信息)。拆解長難句,即準(zhǔn)確識別句子各個組成部分,理清句子中任何詞/詞組/從句的語法功能,繼而讀懂整句。

  下面,我們用一個例句演示拆解過程。

  although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space.

  1. 句首的“although”引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,于是“these molecules”屬于這個從句。“allow radiation”形成動賓關(guān)系,且跟前面的“these molecules”緊鄰,那么這三者形成了一個完整的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu);

  2. “visible wavelengths”被“at”間隔緊隨“radiation”后,形成“名詞+介詞+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,介詞+后面的名詞做前名詞的后置定語;

  3. “where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated” 在句中做定語從句,修飾離它最近的名詞(一般情況下定語從句修飾離它最近的名詞,但反例也很多,我們可借助句意輔助判斷)“visible wavelengths”;

  4. 把上面的定語,定語從句忽略掉,可以看出“although”后面簡化后即“these molecules allow radiation to pass through”。不定式“to pass through”在這個讓步狀語從句中做小一級別的目的狀語。

  5. 讓步狀語從句之后,“they absorb”明顯成為主語的主謂,其中“they”指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞“molecules”;

  6. “absorb”的賓語相對隱蔽。仔細(xì)看我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)“radiated from the Earth’s surface”為典型的過去分詞短語做名詞“emissions”后置定語;而前面的“the longer-wavelength, infrared”則做“emissions”的前置定語。這時可以看出“emissions”是主句賓語;

  7. 最后一個逗號后的名詞“radiation”后緊跟了以“that”為標(biāo)志的后置定語從句,于是我們可以把它看成詞組。進(jìn)一步細(xì)查otherwise我們會看到這些“radiation”就是前面出現(xiàn)的“emissions”, 它或者“be absorbed by ‘these molecules’ ”或者“be transmitted back into space”。于是 “radiation”一直到結(jié)尾做“emissions”的同位語。

提升托福寫作速度的正確方法介紹6

  很多同學(xué)閱讀分?jǐn)?shù)提不上去的一大原因就是因為閱讀速度太慢。托福閱讀篇幅較長,內(nèi)容偏學(xué)術(shù),如果閱讀速度提不上去,肯定會影響閱讀成績。那么我們應(yīng)該如何提升閱讀速度呢?

  托福閱讀備考:托福閱讀速度如何提升?

  影響托福閱讀速度的因素有很多,比如閱讀文章不理解,很多詞匯不認(rèn)識,文章內(nèi)容太枯燥,長難句太多……想要提升托福閱讀速度就要從根本上解決這些問題。托福閱讀考試時間非常緊張,平均每道題的做題時間僅有不到2分鐘。所以快速閱讀能力在托??荚囍蟹浅V匾?,希望大家能重視起來。

  一. 閱讀文章讀不懂,如何提升閱讀速度

  托福閱讀文章還是有一定難度的,很多同學(xué)初次接觸托福都覺得托福文章讀不懂或者需要花費很久才能弄懂意思。那么讀不懂文章如何提升閱讀速度呢?從根本上講,閱讀讀不懂是因為詞匯量和語法基礎(chǔ)太差。所以建議先背托福詞匯,看一遍基礎(chǔ)語法知識。詞匯是閱讀的根基,沒有詞匯量做基礎(chǔ),閱讀速度是不可能有很大提升的。托福閱讀要求大家有很快的閱讀速度,如果一篇閱讀中生詞太多,就算快速讀完也不知道文章的意思。除了背單詞之外,還要掌握基本的語法知識,英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)與中文很不相同,掌握語法知識有助于大家理解文章中的長難句。所以總的來說,文章讀不懂要先將基本功練扎實。

  二. 題目做太慢,如何提升做題速度

  有的同學(xué)表示,閱讀文章能讀懂,但就是題目做的太慢,所以做閱讀總是超時。題目做的慢,其實是因為缺乏做題技巧,不能快速在原文中定位題目位置。閱讀打好基礎(chǔ)以后,要學(xué)習(xí)一些做題的技巧,比如小結(jié)題應(yīng)該通讀文章段落找答案,推理題要根據(jù)文章意思推理得出,詞匯題要將選項帶入原句看是否通順……做題技巧是提升閱讀做題速度的高效方法。托福閱讀題目是按順序出題,基本上按照文章的文章結(jié)構(gòu)對應(yīng)題目,大家在做題的時候要快速定位題目位置,結(jié)合上下文快速選出答案。托福閱讀題目中很多選項似是而非非常具有迷惑性,一定要提高辨別能力,選擇最佳選項。

  三. 課外練習(xí)很重要

  托福閱讀速度考驗大家的英語基本功,提升閱讀速度也需要大家在利用空暇時間多練習(xí)。多刷題是有幫助的,除了刷題之外,大家還要多去閱讀英文報刊雜志。很多同學(xué)看到一篇冗長的托福閱讀時,心里的壓力感倍增,感覺似乎“不可能完成”。大家平時在課余時間多讀英文報刊雜志,就會習(xí)慣英語的長篇文章,能減少心理上的壓力感,也能提升自己的閱讀速度。而且大家在閱讀英文報刊雜志的過程中還能積累生詞,擴(kuò)充知識面,可謂一舉多得,何樂而不為。

  托福閱讀素材:伊斯蘭國的古董交易

  a ”terrorist startup with a clearly defined business model“ is how religious historian Karen Armstrong describes Islamic State. The radical Islamist group is the world’s richest terrorist organisation – those who have seen the group’s grotesque propaganda videos may notice fleets of brand-new 4x4s its members drive.

  but where does the money come from? Analysis suggests donations, smuggled oil (up to $1.645m a day), kidnapping (at least $20m last year), people trafficking, extortion, robbery and last – but not least – the sale of antiquities. It’s a lucrative source of income – for example, the sale of looted items from al-Nabuk, west of Damascus, is reported to have earned IS $36m.

  IS operates in the richest archaeological arena in the world, the cradle of civilisation. While ancient sites at Nimrud, Nineveh and Hatra are being destroyed, a stream of artefacts suspected to come from such places has appeared on the black market. IS either uses so-called ‘bulldozer archaeology’ (unearthing sites using any equipment available which is extraordinarily destructive), or employs locals to dig up sites and tombs. The group then takes a tax, approved by Sharia law, based on the value of any treasure taken. No-one knows what has come out of the ground and such loot is impossible to identify later.

  Do not be fooled by the video of IS in Mosul Museum smashing ancient Assyrian statues which it claimed were ”worthless idols“. IS may have defaced important monuments, which it cannot sell, but evidence suggests it is trading in moveable objects, which it can. In any case, the statues in the museum were plaster copies. ”None of the artefacts is an original,” says the head of Iraq's national antiquities department Fawzye al-Mahdi.

“They were copies of the originals in Baghdad Museum made when Iraq was building regional museums”, says Dr Mark Altaweel, of the Institute of Archaeology at University College London. But large-scale looting has been taking place in Mosul for at least 25 years, with Western demand very high, he adds.

  The smaller, the better

  arthur Brand, of Amsterdam-based Artiaz, one of a growing number of firms which tries to locate stolen art, has dubbed the illicit trade “blood antiques”. While antiques are usually less transportable than blood diamonds, they are potentially far more valuable.

  There are numerous reports of antiques from Syria and Iraq circulating in the European black market. Reportedly, Scotland Yard has four investigations in progress related to Syrian antiques – but without much greater financial help, closing down the networks that move the loot around the world seems an impossible task.

“The looters tap into well-established old networks using smuggling routes that often go through Turkey and Lebanon,” says Dr Altaweel.

  among items in demand are ancient cuneiform tablets, cylinder seals, jars, coins, glass and particularly mosaics, which can be easily broken up and transported. The smaller and easier to conceal and transport an object is, the more valuable it could be.

  christopher Marinello, a spokesman for London-based Art Recovery Group, which advises buyers on due diligence, says there has been intense speculation about the value of looted art. “There are a lot of figures floating around”, he says. “Theoretically, tainted objects are worth a fraction of their true value but it all depends on practicality. A large object that is not legitimate may be worth only 10-15% of its true value in the black market but smaller, more easily transported pieces can be worth a much greater percentage.”

  Smaller, more easily transported pieces can fetch much more on the black market than large artefacts (Credit: Getty)

  IS is not the first terrorist organisation to use blood antiques for funding. In 1974, the IRA stole old master paintings, including Vermeer's Lady Writing a Letter with her Maid, from a house in County Wicklow. The works were then valued at $12m.

  Smash and grab

  Very few of the thousands of artefacts looted in Syria and Iraq will ever see the light of day. They will disappear into private collections and vaults largely in Europe and America – where there is specific demand for pre-Islamic items – and in Japan and Australia. If items are recovered it usually takes years for investigators to secure convictions.

  Last month, the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) displayed some 60 artefacts that had been recovered, including a magnificent head of the Assyrian King Sargon II, valued at $1.2m. Operation Lost Treasure (a name suggestive of a Hollywood film) dates back to when word came of Dubai-based antiques dealer Hassan Fazeli shipping illegal goods to the US.

  Turkey was listed as the country of origin and documents declared the value of the Sargon II head as $6,500. Other smuggled items included an Egyptian funerary boat valued at $57,000. Some shipments were directly linked to major museums, galleries and art houses in New York. The investigation was unique in bringing money laundering charges which allowed agents to seize bank accounts containing the proceeds.

  However, the items recovered by ICE date back to the Iraq war. Knowing that the war would inflict terrible damage, archaeologists, museum directors and other members of the art world met with Pentagon officials in to convince them to protect the archeological sites. The initiative failed. Instead, US forces notoriously turned Babylon into what was dubbed 'the Hanging Gardens of Halliburton', building a camp on the precious archaeological site.

  This ancient Sumerian statue is among thousands of ancient looted treasures stolen from the National Museum in Baghdad in 2003 (Credit: AFP/Getty Images)

  The Pentagon meeting also failed to prevent the looting of the National Museum in Baghdad. On the contrary, looting was encouraged under the logic that the collections would be safer elsewhere. As Ashton Hawkings of the American Council for Cultural Property said: ”the legitimate dispersal of cultural material through the market“ was the best way to protect treasures.

  It was effectively an invitation to loot. More than 15,000 objects, including jewellery, ceramics, and sculptures, were stolen from the museum. The most famous pieces stolen were the 5,000-year-old Warka vase (later recovered in 14 pieces) and the Lyre of Ur, the world's most ancient musical instrument, likewise found badly damaged.

  Hundreds have never been found and five centuries of Ottoman records were lost, as well as works by Picasso and Miró, which were destroyed by fire. One estimate of the loss attributable to art theft in Iraq is $10bn.

  The sliced head of a bull stolen from an archaeological site in Nineva, Iraq came the National Museum in Baghdad after it was confiscated from thieves (Credit: AFP/Getty Images)

  Looted artefacts pass through many hands before emerging in on the market and may not appear for decades. Lynda Albertson, president of the Association for Research of Crimes against Art, says it is impossible to quantify how much money IS makes on the black market because it may take years for a looted item to appear there. For example, Cambodian antiquities from Angkor Wat turned up at auction 40 years after the end of the civil war.

  collectors willing to buy art without a clear provenance bear a huge responsibility for the destruction of heritage sites across the world, but it has become a very dangerous game. The well-known Turkish and Beirut smugglers who probably moved the Sargon II head have gone further underground and are extremely suspicious of buyers. Not only could they face exposure and loss, if objects are known to have been obtained from IS, they could even be charged with aiding terrorism – arguably the most powerful deterrent yet.

  參考譯文

  宗教歷史學(xué)家 凱倫·阿姆斯特朗 這樣描述伊斯蘭國:一個靠商業(yè)成長起來的恐怖組織。這個激進(jìn)的伊斯蘭團(tuán)隊是全球最富有的恐怖組織,那些看過這個組織詭異的宣傳視頻的人可能會注意到它的成員們所駕駛的全新的4X4編隊。

  但是他們的錢從哪里來呢?有分析認(rèn)為資金來源于捐贈,偷運(yùn)石油(每天可收獲164.5萬),綁架(去年至少收獲2千萬),非法交易,敲詐,搶劫,最后還有一個很重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)來源——古董交易。這是非常豐厚的經(jīng)濟(jì)來源,比如,從大馬士革西部al-Nabuk搶來的東西據(jù)稱是賣到了三千六百萬。

  伊斯蘭國活動在世界上考古資源最為豐富的地區(qū),這些地區(qū)是文明的搖籃。當(dāng)尼姆伍德,尼尼微和哈特拉的古代遺址都被毀壞的時候,黑市里隨即出現(xiàn)了一批文物,人們懷疑這些物品就是來自上述遺址中。伊斯蘭國要么使用所謂的“推土考古”(用有巨大破壞力的設(shè)備來發(fā)掘遺址),要么雇用當(dāng)?shù)厝藖硗谶z址或陵墓。然后這個組織開始了被伊斯蘭教法所認(rèn)同的征稅,稅收依寶物的價值來定。沒有人知道從地里挖出來的是什么,這些贓物以后也不可能被鑒別出來。

  別被伊斯蘭國在摩蘇爾博物館毀壞古代亞述王國雕像的視頻所迷惑,認(rèn)為這些雕塑是沒用的神像。伊斯蘭國可能已損壞了有重要意義的紀(jì)念碑的外觀,這些東西太重?zé)o法出售。但是有證據(jù)顯示,他們在售賣易于搬動的物品。但不管怎么說,這些在博物館的雕像是石灰復(fù)制品?!八羞@些東西都不是真的,”伊拉克國家文物局的局長說到。

  當(dāng)伊拉克在建造地區(qū)的博物館時,他們把巴格達(dá)博物館的物品復(fù)制了過來“,來自倫敦大學(xué)考古系的馬克·奧特韋爾博士說。但是在摩蘇爾的大規(guī)模搶奪已有25年,在歐洲很有市場。

  越小,越好

  越來越多的公司試圖尋找被偷走的藝術(shù)品,來自阿姆斯特丹的亞瑟·布蘭德就是其中一個,他把這場違法的交易稱作”血腥古董“。古董相比血鉆(非洲鉆石交易殘忍血腥,所以被稱作血鉆)來說,不易運(yùn)輸,所以他們更加值錢。

  有大量報道稱來自敘利亞和伊拉克的古董在歐洲黑市上流通。據(jù)報道,蘇格蘭法庭有四場正在進(jìn)行中的調(diào)查,都和敘利亞古董藏品有關(guān),但是沒有更多的經(jīng)濟(jì)支援,想要關(guān)閉臟品交易網(wǎng)絡(luò)是不可能的。

  搶奪者可以輕松地進(jìn)入發(fā)展成熟的交易網(wǎng)絡(luò),偷運(yùn)路線通常是穿過土耳其和黎巴嫩。奧特韋爾博士說。

  這些物品有古代楔形文字板,滾筒印,罐子,錢幣,玻璃制品,還有很火的馬賽克鑲嵌工藝,他們都很容易被損壞,卻也很容易運(yùn)輸。越小,越容易隱藏和運(yùn)輸?shù)臇|西就越值錢。

  來自倫敦的文物追尋小組主張買家多多調(diào)查價格,他們的發(fā)言人 克里斯托佛·馬里內(nèi)略 說到,市場對于掠奪品的價值有激烈的爭辯?!边@價格是漂浮不定的“,他說,”理論上來講,有污點的東西只值它真正價值的一小部分,但這些都要看實際情況。非法的大件物品在黑市上可能只值它真正價值的10-15%,但是更小的,跟容易運(yùn)輸?shù)目梢灾蹈唷?/p>

  伊斯蘭國不是第一個用血腥古董來支撐他們的恐怖組織,在1974年,愛爾蘭共和軍偷走大師級作品,包括維米爾的油畫作品寫信的夫人和她的女仆,這件作品的估價為1200萬美元。

  毀壞、掠奪

  在敘利亞和伊拉克搶奪的文物中,幾乎很少會重見天日。他們會消失,大部分會在歐洲,美洲這些對前伊斯蘭時代有特殊癖好的地方成為私人藏品,或儲存在地下室中,還有些會流入日本和澳洲。如果藏品被重新找回,調(diào)查員會花上好幾年的時間才有確定的定罪。

  上個月,美國移民和海關(guān)執(zhí)法局(ICE)重新找到了大約60件文物,包括制作精美的亞述王 薩爾貢二世的頭像,估價值120萬美元。這使失落的寶藏(讓人想起一部好萊塢電影)調(diào)查追溯到了,當(dāng)時有消息稱迪拜的文物貿(mào)易商 哈桑 運(yùn)輸非法貨物前往美國。

  土耳其被列為文物的來源國,文件宣稱薩爾貢二世的頭像價值6500美元。其他的偷運(yùn)的文物包括埃及的價值57000美元的葬船。一些貨物直接被運(yùn)送至紐約主要的博物館,美術(shù)館和藝術(shù)工作室。

  然而,這些被ICE重新找到的文物要追溯到伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭時期??紤]到戰(zhàn)爭會對文物造成嚴(yán)重的損壞,考古學(xué)家,博物館館長和藏品界其他人士在與五角大樓的官員會晤,想要說服他們保護(hù)這些考古遺址。但談判工作失敗了。美國武裝竟無恥地在珍貴的考古遺址上建造了一個營地,并把它稱作 哈里伯頓的空中花園。

  五角大樓沒能成功阻止巴格達(dá)國家博物館被掠奪,相反的是,他們還鼓勵這種行為,認(rèn)為這些文物在其他地方會更加安全。正如來自美國文化產(chǎn)權(quán)理事會的 阿什頓·霍金斯說:“文物在市場的合法流通是保護(hù)這些文物的最好方法?!?/p>

  這對洗劫敞開了大門,超過15000件東西從博物館被偷走,其中最出名的是有50歷史的烏魯克祭祀瓶(后來被發(fā)現(xiàn)時是14塊碎片),還有烏爾琴,世界上最古老的樂器,同樣,被發(fā)現(xiàn)時,損壞嚴(yán)重。

  其余上百件再也沒被找到過,還有記載奧斯曼帝國五百年歷史的資料丟失了,也有畢加索和米羅的作品被毀于火災(zāi)。由這些伊拉克強(qiáng)盜所造成的損失估計達(dá)到一百億。

  這些文物輾轉(zhuǎn)多次后才出現(xiàn)在市場上,可能會花上數(shù)十年時間。文物犯罪調(diào)查協(xié)會的主席 琳達(dá)·艾伯森說伊斯蘭國在黑市上造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動難以估量,因為讓這些文物重新出現(xiàn)在公眾的視野中會花上好幾年的時間。比如,柬埔寨吳哥窟的文物在國家內(nèi)戰(zhàn)結(jié)束40年之后才出現(xiàn)在拍賣會上。

  買下這些來源不明的文物的收藏家對破壞世界文化遺產(chǎn)都應(yīng)承擔(dān)巨大責(zé)任,但是這已經(jīng)成為了一種非常危險的游戲。土耳其和貝魯特出名的偷運(yùn)者(可能是他們偷運(yùn)了薩爾貢二世的頭像)行蹤已經(jīng)非常隱秘了,他們對買家也極其不信任。如果這些文物是從伊斯蘭國手中拿到的,他們不僅會被揭發(fā)和蒙受損失,還會面臨支援恐怖主義的指控,這可以說是對文物非法交易的最有力的打擊。

  托福閱讀素材:中英文的有趣差別

  語言是相通的,但往往學(xué)得好中文的人,英語卻不見得好。相比中文,英語邏輯幾乎是“理科”式的。中文強(qiáng)調(diào)意合,也就是意思上的連接,在寫作時可以天馬行空;而英文強(qiáng)調(diào)形合,也就是形式上首先遵循嚴(yán)格的規(guī)范,句子和句子要有嚴(yán)密的邏輯聯(lián)系。所以,中國人學(xué)英文需兼顧其理科、文科屬性;充分理解語法規(guī)則,大量閱讀,兩者缺一不可。

  在教學(xué)中我曾發(fā)現(xiàn)一個很有意思的規(guī)律:那些中文寫作 (尤其是抒情類散文) 好的學(xué)生,往往在英文寫作中犯邏輯不清的錯誤。他們寫的文章常常句和句之間缺乏清晰的邏輯和連接,文章的漢語化思維痕跡非常明顯。

  另外,我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己很多時候更樂于閱讀英文和用英文寫作,尤其是在理解具有復(fù)雜邏輯關(guān)系的問題時。相信這樣的感覺很多英語熟練到一定程度的國人也有。上述的現(xiàn)象,反映出本文想討論的第一個論點:相對中文,英文算是一門理科。

  所謂理科,我們指某門學(xué)科內(nèi)部存在自洽周全的邏輯體系。對于一門語言來說,這個邏輯體系首先是語法。就語法體系而言,這個世界上恐怕沒有什么語言比中文與英文更不同的。

  一個很有意思的證據(jù)是,李光耀先生在新加坡努力推行了中英文雙語教育后發(fā)出慨嘆:要把中英文都學(xué)到母語的程度幾乎是不可能的。這一點在海外華人家庭里也很常見:美籍華人家庭的第二代孩子中,很少有能同時以母語的熟練程度掌握中英文的書面語言。

  但同樣有意思的是,一些來自歐洲的移民家庭,例如父親是德國人,母親是法國人,孩子出生并成長在美國,這樣的孩子往往能以母語的熟練程度掌握英語、法語和德語這三種不同的書面語言。這期間的原因值得玩味。

  仔細(xì)思考中文的表述習(xí)慣,你會發(fā)現(xiàn)中文和英語有很大的差異。我們以前曾談過英文中有動詞時態(tài)和單復(fù)數(shù)的概念,名詞有性的概念。但這實際上還不是中英語法最核心的差異。

  中英文在語法上最大的差距在于:中文強(qiáng)調(diào)意合,也就是意思上的連接,而不強(qiáng)調(diào)形式的連接,因此在寫作時可以天馬行空,肆意揮灑;而英文強(qiáng)調(diào)形合,也就是形式上首先遵循嚴(yán)格的規(guī)范,句子和句子要有嚴(yán)密的邏輯聯(lián)系。我們試舉一例來說明中文和英文在表述意群時的差異。

“只有四嬸,因為后來雇傭的女工,大抵非懶即饞,或者懶而饞,左右不如意,所以也還提起祥林嫂?!?摘自魯迅《祝?!?

  原文只有一句話,但有兩層意思,而且兩層意思之間是因果關(guān)系。譯者將原文拆成兩句話,“四嬸是唯一還提起祥林嫂的人, 是因為…”, 所以翻譯成下文。

“My aunt was the only one who still spoke of Xianglin’s wife, because most of the maids hired afterwards turned out either lazy or greedy and none of them amounted to satisfaction.”

  但翻譯成這樣,我們便會發(fā)現(xiàn)這個邏輯其實有問題:為什么其他的女工懶惰了就一定會導(dǎo)致只有四嬸才會提到祥林嫂呢 ?是不是說其他的女工懶到不愿意提祥林嫂? 如果是那樣,那饞嘴又是什么邏輯呢?

  這樣的文章,雖然是文學(xué)巨匠魯迅所寫,但給西方人看,他們必然會提出這樣的疑問來。說實話,我也有同樣的疑問。

  再舉一例,“他不干,我干”,就這沒么一句話,至少可以有四種理解:

  1、假設(shè)關(guān)系:(如果)他不干,(那么)我(來)干。

  2、因果關(guān)系:(因為)他不干,(所以)我(才)干。

  3、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系:他不干,(但是)我干。

  4、讓步關(guān)系:(即使)他不干,我(也)干。

  在此我們大抵可以看得出,中文的表述隱去了許多邏輯關(guān)系,而且這些隱去的邏輯關(guān)系其實不太經(jīng)得起推敲。上述兩例都還是現(xiàn)代漢語。

  要知道,現(xiàn)代漢語還是五四運(yùn)動時一些接受了西學(xué)影響的先驅(qū)們將漢語進(jìn)行了現(xiàn)代化并融入了西洋語系的很多特征后形成的語言。

  所以,我們能想象我們祖先使用的古漢語,沒有標(biāo)點,不拘泥于有主謂,更別提連詞,那種肆意揮灑、飄逸靈動的感覺了。

  例如,《詩經(jīng)·鄭風(fēng)·子衿》里說“青青子衿,悠悠我心”,咱們先不說這個意境英文可否表述,這其中的邏輯關(guān)系已經(jīng)完全是超出英語語法的能力范疇了,因為這兩句話中間壓根就沒啥明確的邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)。

  所以,我一直以為,中文是一門相當(dāng)寫意的語言。說得好聽點,詩意、飄逸、靈動。說得難聽點,隨意、混亂,不夠嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。

  例如,有這樣一篇心靈雞湯式文章:“教育走得太快,靈魂跟不上”,標(biāo)題就是中文的拿手好戲。其中有句話“教育非他,乃心靈的轉(zhuǎn)向”,我對此琢磨了許久也沒有弄明白轉(zhuǎn)向的意思是什么。是從愚昧向啟蒙轉(zhuǎn)向?還是從功利向淡泊轉(zhuǎn)向?從文章的內(nèi)容看似乎都不是。

  對于中西語言的差異,著名語言學(xué)家王力先生曾經(jīng)說:

“西洋語的結(jié)構(gòu)好像連環(huán),雖則環(huán)與環(huán)都聯(lián)絡(luò)起來,畢竟有聯(lián)絡(luò)的痕跡;中國語結(jié)構(gòu)好像無縫天衣,只是一塊一塊的拼湊,湊起來還不讓它有痕跡;西洋語法有很多呆板的要求,如每一個clause里必須有一個主語,而中國語法只以達(dá)意為主,如初系的目的語可兼次席的主語,又如相關(guān)的兩件事可以硬湊在一起,不用任何的connective word。”

  這樣的評價,其中有沒有民族主義意味和夜郎自大的心態(tài),各位自行判斷。

  語言是一個民族最重要的文化標(biāo)記,是文化的載體。語言的發(fā)展和演化是一個民族的思維方式的結(jié)果,但又反過來影響這個民族的思維方式。中文的特點反映了華人幾千年的重意、重神、重風(fēng)骨、重玄虛的傳統(tǒng)哲學(xué)和美學(xué)思想影響,而英語的特點則反映出西方人重視邏輯,重實證的思維方式。

  也許,這樣的差異能否解釋東西方文明在進(jìn)入文藝復(fù)興后南轅北轍的發(fā)展方向呢?

  洋洋千言,旨在把中文和英文在行文組織這個最底層上的差異講清講透。在這一點上,中英文的差距是如此之大,以致于學(xué)好英語必須要徹底拋棄漢語思維才可以。

  但這一點對于德國人學(xué)法語和英語就不適用。因為整個西方語言都遵循大致相同的語法規(guī)則。這樣,也許我們更容易理解為什么馬克思能學(xué)好那么多們語言了。對西洋人而言,學(xué)習(xí)一門外語無需太多思維的轉(zhuǎn)換,因而難度也低了許多。

  所以,我們中國人在學(xué)習(xí)英語時,一定注意英語相對于漢語的數(shù)學(xué)屬性。弄通弄透其中的語法規(guī)是必須的,死記硬背是沒有用的。記住,對于母語是中文的英語學(xué)習(xí)者而言,英語有些類似計算機(jī)編程C語言:他們都遵循嚴(yán)格的形式邏輯。

  那么,英語就等同于數(shù)學(xué)嗎?當(dāng)然不是。它還是一門語言。凡是語言都有約定俗成的靈活性,都遵循熟能生巧的規(guī)律。

  所以,當(dāng)我們開始學(xué)習(xí)英語時,我們需要借助理性來搞清某個語法或文法,但在熟練以后我們的人腦就自然具備了一種近似于直覺的處理能力去輕松應(yīng)對這些規(guī)則。

  就像我們的人腦可以迅速地判斷某一張臉型是美還是丑,而不用去分析計算眼睛的間距和嘴巴大小之間的比例等問題。

  從這個層面上說,語言相對于數(shù)學(xué)而言又是一門文科。學(xué)好它需要經(jīng)歷一個大量的操練應(yīng)用并內(nèi)化的過程。而完成這個過程最好的辦法就是大量的閱讀。在閱讀中,英文的語法和組織方式被反復(fù)地呈現(xiàn)和被解析,久而久之,這些規(guī)律就逐漸融入了我們的直覺中了。

  所以,中國人要學(xué)好英文,必須要兼顧其理科屬性和文科屬性。充分理解語法規(guī)則,大量閱讀,兩者缺一不可。至于他們之間的先后順序,我們的經(jīng)驗是:因人而異。

  但有一點肯定的:沒有語法基礎(chǔ)的大量閱讀難以施行,基本無效。而這個語法體系如何建立呢?我們的經(jīng)驗是,按照中國學(xué)校教科書的語法體系無法做到高屋建瓴式的領(lǐng)悟,學(xué)生們往往是只能建立一些支離破碎的塊狀知識,并且常常只見樹木,不見森林。

提升托福寫作速度的正確方法介紹7

  托福閱讀速度如何怎樣提升

  1、Skimming是只看主要大意的速讀。

  一篇文章的大意是有重點的。比如,當(dāng)出現(xiàn)first second的這種歸類總結(jié)的地方,或because,as a result這樣的因果關(guān)系,或是 but,however的語意轉(zhuǎn)折處,都需要格外留心。

  托福閱讀文章講述主要觀點之后通常會有for example來佐證,如果看懂了主要觀點,那么對示例所用的時間和精力就不需要太多了。Skimming的技巧在第一遍閱讀文章意圖抓住文章大意時是非常重要的。

  2、Scanning是“掃描”。

  但具體到閱讀中,大家最熟悉的莫過于查詞典時。在有意識地去查某個生詞的時候,我們不會去把它所在的頁上每一個字都看一遍才找到想要的。

  幾乎眼睛對詞典中的一頁掃一下,腦中只有要找的字,看到它,其他的地方都像沒有看到一樣。在托福的閱讀中,scanning的技巧在回答問題時,根據(jù)題干中問到的內(nèi)容,在文章中scan,可以幫助考生準(zhǔn)確地定位,找到答案。

  托福閱讀快速做題的方法

(1)主題段和主題句的關(guān)鍵詞。

  托福文章中的主題段和主題句都是參與搭建文章結(jié)構(gòu)的,因此記錄它們中的幾個關(guān)鍵詞對于把握全文的結(jié)構(gòu)非常重要。同時,文章中有很多的重要信息也會包含在這部分內(nèi)容中。

(2)時間和數(shù)字。

  一般來說,出現(xiàn)時間概念的文章或段落通常和時間順序有關(guān),作者會用不同的時間點串出一條時間線索。而個別數(shù)字的出現(xiàn)則意味著這個數(shù)字所闡述概念的重要性是不容忽視的,因此,除非文章中出現(xiàn)了數(shù)據(jù)堆積的現(xiàn)象,考生都需要把數(shù)字記錄下來。在記錄時間和數(shù)字時需要注意兩個問題,一是在記錄時間的同時要同步記錄下該時間點所發(fā)生事件的關(guān)鍵詞,二是無論文章中的時間和數(shù)字是什么形式,考生在記錄的時候都一律記錄成阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字,以便于之后做題時的查詢。

(3)人名、地名和專有名詞。

  這些概念在文章中出現(xiàn)的時候,一般都會出現(xiàn)大寫字母或引號等標(biāo)記,非常有利于信息索引和定位。此外,當(dāng)提到這幾個具體的概念時,文章通常是在用這些概念說明某個理論或者觀點,因此記錄下這些概念對于理解相關(guān)理論和觀點可以起到一定的輔助作用。

(4)舉例主體。

  有的時候,為了說明某些理論和觀點,文章中會出現(xiàn)大段的舉例文字。實際上,托??荚囍锌疾檫@些例子具體內(nèi)容的時候非常少,而更多的是考查作者使用這些例子的原因或它們所證明的觀點。因此,考生在快速筆記中只需要記錄下例子是什么就可以了,至于例子中所闡述的具體信息,可以適當(dāng)忽略。

(5)新概念和局部核心概念。

  所謂“新概念”是指當(dāng)考生讀到文章某個位置時,之前沒有出現(xiàn)過的概念。這種新概念的出現(xiàn),意味著已有的概念已經(jīng)不能說明這里要闡述的問題,所以,新概念的出現(xiàn)必然也意味著一個重要信息的出現(xiàn)。而“局部核心概念”是指在連續(xù)的幾個段落中集中闡述的主題概念,對于這種概念來說,無論是作為觀點還是舉例大家都應(yīng)該注意,因為它顯然是作為重點在文章中被強(qiáng)調(diào)的。

(6)重要的邏輯關(guān)系。

  很多考生在閱讀文章的時候只注意到了文章所闡述的重要內(nèi)容,但是忽略了信息之間的邏輯關(guān)系,因而對信息關(guān)聯(lián)理解不準(zhǔn)確,這也是一種嚴(yán)重的錯誤。因此,在閱讀過程中記錄下信息之間所產(chǎn)生的邏輯關(guān)系可以避免考生丟失信息之間的關(guān)聯(lián)信息。

  在新托福閱讀中進(jìn)行快速筆記是有效地把握文章結(jié)構(gòu),記錄重要信息的手段,此外,掌握快速筆記的方法,養(yǎng)成“邊讀邊記”的習(xí)慣,會讓研究效率大大提高。從這個角度來看,同學(xué)們更應(yīng)該以托??荚嚍槠鯔C(jī),培養(yǎng)自己這種良好的閱讀習(xí)慣,從而在學(xué)習(xí)和研究中達(dá)到事半功倍的效果。

  托福閱讀考試需要留檢查時間嗎

  這是很多托??忌囊蓡?,因為托福閱讀考試的時間很緊張,考生對于做題就已經(jīng)夠匆忙了,又怎么會有檢查的時間呢?但是到底托福閱讀要留檢查時間嗎?我們一起來看看吧!

  托福閱讀考試的時間是按篇來給的,也就是每篇托福閱讀文章只給你20分鐘的時間完成,提早完成了第一篇,并不會給你下一篇留有更充足的時間。所以,即使你能提前做完一篇也只能檢查剛剛做完的這一篇,而一般情況下,這樣短的時間是檢查不出來什么錯誤的,因為你的思維還是停留在寫答案的時候。

  所以在托福閱讀考試中,我們應(yīng)該盡量爭取一次做對,閱讀時候速度可以比平時放慢一些,耐心讀取題目的中心句。另外可以在考試過程中對一些提問關(guān)鍵信息作下筆記,幫助你更迅速定位題目,因為文章本身是會高亮標(biāo)明一些問題中涉及的句子和要求解釋的單詞,所以有的時候連筆記都可以省掉。

  另外大家要注意的就是時間來不及的情況。這就要求大家平時訓(xùn)練時候,還是堅持一次性原則為好,盡量把答完一篇文章的時間控制在16分鐘內(nèi),這是一個參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn),如果達(dá)不到這個閱讀速度,面臨真題時候就會遭遇很大的難度,根本來不及檢查。

  托福閱讀需要留檢查時間嗎?通過上面的內(nèi)容我們可以看出,在托福閱讀備考中,不提倡大家留托福閱讀檢查時間。這樣也可以促使大家在做題的時候比以前更加集中注意力,托福閱讀考試的正確率也就會有所增加。

提升托福寫作速度的正確方法介紹8

  為了避免出現(xiàn)考試答不完的情況,考生在平時就要養(yǎng)成限時練習(xí)的習(xí)慣,嚴(yán)格要求自己在規(guī)定考試時間內(nèi)完成寫作。有些考生習(xí)慣了在沒有時間壓力的情況下進(jìn)行練習(xí),雖然最后寫出的文章思路清晰、內(nèi)容豐富,但是這種答題方式不利于在考場上發(fā)揮出真正水平。如果考生在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)完不成寫作,一定要認(rèn)真分析原因。如果是在思路組織或者打字速度上出了問題,那么就按照以上方法加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)。如果是在內(nèi)容展開方面出現(xiàn)了問題,那么平時就要注意多積累一些素材和范例,以便在考試中借鑒和引用??傊?,考生在考場上要把握好時間,不要因為時間問題而導(dǎo)致失分。

提升托福寫作速度的正確方法介紹9

  積累素材是備考托福獨立寫作的一項重要任務(wù)。如果我們在平時能夠多積累一些寫作素材,那么到了考場上就不會感到無話可說,寫作速度自然也就提升上來了。我們可以參考一些寫作范文,在學(xué)習(xí)的過程中把文中的好詞好句以及例子按照話題進(jìn)行分類并整理下來。除此之外,我們的親身經(jīng)歷也是寫作素材的重要來源。我們可以把自己在生活中的感悟記錄下來,在相關(guān)的話題作文中當(dāng)作例子來使用,會比摘抄下來的例子更生動、運(yùn)用更自如。所以,考生要做一個有心人,在平時的學(xué)習(xí)生活中注意觀察和思考,學(xué)會對事情做出判斷和評價,這樣在寫作考試中就可以信手拈來,提高寫作的速度。

  寫作想要拿到高分必需要提升托福寫作能力,大家在備考中總是容易忽略掉這一方面。上文中為大家總了三點托福寫作速度提升攻略,希望大家學(xué)習(xí)以后能落實到實際行動中。

  托??荚囎魑莫毩懽鞣段模赫嵘娽t(yī)療保健

  真題回顧

  The mostimportant thing for government to improve health care is to clean theenvironment.

  點睛

  題目大意:對政府來說,提升公眾醫(yī)療保健最重要的是去清潔環(huán)境。此題目為絕對詞的題目,波波建議選擇不同意,采用承認(rèn)合理性,反駁絕對性的結(jié)構(gòu)來寫作。具體來說,承認(rèn)合理性,即承認(rèn)清潔環(huán)境在健康保健方面的重要性;反駁絕對性,通過給出其他可以提升健康保健的方式來駁掉清理環(huán)境是最重要的方式。

  寫作參考一:

  Do you agree or disagree: The most important thing for government to improve health care is to clean the environment.

  as economy advances, the consequences caused by industrial development become starker and various environmental problems cover the whole world. Then comes one of the most serious issues that people’s health is confronted with huge challenges. Surely, a number of solutions have been raised and discussed and as for whether the most important thing for the government to improve health care is to clean the energy, I cast doubt on it.

  Undeniably, cleaning the environment is an effective way to ensure people’s health. For instance, if the air pollution can be bridled, there will be fewer chances for citizens living in Beijing or TianJin suffering the respiratory diseases. Besides, citizens in Flint City could drink clean water if the water source was not acidified to erode the pipeline of tap water. However, the threats human beings are faced with do not only come from the environmental problems and the government has to lay more emphasis on the other two areas.

  For one thing, the outbreak of viruses that could sparkle off widespread epidemics is a killer to human beings. Reflecting history can help us explore how the devastating viruses tortured human beings and the death toll was astounding. For instance, the once spread of cholera once caused the death of more than a million civilians in Russia and malaria is a kind of serious malady that could cause the death of several hundred thousand in Africa in the past. The good news is those viruses were under control finally after the efforts made by numerous medical experts. However, in recent years, people are still under huge threats of many newly found viruses like Ebola, Zika that still remain highly dangerous and could trigger huge damage to people’s physical health. Even worse, a reported man in America was found dying of Zika virus. Therefore, it is more urgent and indispensable for the government to invest to the development of medical technology.

  For another thing, while analyzing the influence factors leading to the sub-health of most city employees, the deficiency in engaging sports can be found as one of the primary contributors. Therefore, there is necessity for the government to build more available sporting facilities nearby the communities for city workers who have to be fully involved in their career and cannot vacate enough time to either go to Gym or farther places for exercises. Take friends around me as an example. Most of them cannot afford to spend time in playing sports, one of who called Jason working as a software engineer can only get off work till 10 o’clock PM. Another friend of mine has to travel across the country for business trips several times a month. The combination of long-term involvement in career and no chance to work out lead to the obesity and the declining immunity. However, if there is a public Gym constructed around my friends’ residency, the possibilities of doing exercises could be higher and the physical conditions could be better. Accordingly, to maintain the physical health of citizens, it is more practical for the government to invest more to the construction of sports infrastructure as far as my friends are concerned.

  In a word, even though cleaning environment means a lot to the citizens’ health care, developing medical technology and building sporting facilities can be more related to our health.

  寫作參考二:

  With the gradually raised awareness of health, how to improve health care has become an issue of public concern and interest. Many scientists and environmentalists have fully realized the negative impact of environmental deterioration on the public health and propose that the most important thing for government to improve health care is to clean the environment. However, in my eyes, the above viewpoint has oversimplified the complicated situation.

  Indeed, a clean environment plays an important role in improving health care, because various environmental pollutions have posed a threat to the public health. To illustrate, the haze occurring in large cities of China has made thousands of people fall victims to respiratory diseases. However, it is a piece of overemphasis to claim that cleaning the environment is the most important way for government to improve health care, because there are other two ways which are equally important.

  First of all, developing medical technology is another effective way to improve health care. Given the indisputable fact that there remain many incurable diseases such as cancer and AIDS across the globe, the appropriate technology of treatment and therapy is in great need. As a result, government is supposed to assume the responsibility of making progress in medical techniques, for the sake of curing the serious diseases and thus prolonging the life expectancy. The elemination of SARS in the year of can be a good case in point. Upon the outbreak of SARS, most cities and provinces in China are affected. Immediately, the government not only assembled a group of medical professionals and excellent experts, but also allocated massive investment in the medical research for vaccine. Unexpectedly, the emergency was perfectly addressed and the same is true of curing other diseases.

  besides that, government should place emphasis on improving the sports infrastructure. As is common sense, governmental support for public sports facilities can create a place for the average people to work out regularly. Obviously, the more exercise people engage in, the stronger their immune system will become. The sound immune system can serve as a shield to resist various diseases, which finally lead to the better health of the public. Take my own experience as an example. In my community, the sports facilities contain nothing but a track in disrepair and a swing for kids. In this case, the residents have nowhere to do sports even though they may be willing to. However, if the local government could invest a sum of money to build new playgrounds and establish Pingpang tables, I bet lots of people will become interested in exercising, thus becoming more physically healthy.

  Fatoring what has been discussed above in, we can draw the conclusion that it is an exaggeration to say that the most important thing for government to improve health care is to clean the environment. I firmly recommend that government should attach equal importance to the above three measures in order to improve health care.

  托??荚囎魑莫毩懽鞣段模盒W(xué)生應(yīng)多學(xué)科技嗎

  Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: primary schools should spend more time on teaching young students (5-11years old) technology (like computer) than teaching music and art.

  托福寫作范文參考:

  The question of “ what is the most important subject or skill the elementary schools should teach? ” has never failed to attract attention from educators, school administrators and even politicians especially when it comes to subjects like technology, or music and art. Some argue that school should spend more time teaching technology than music and art. Personally, I am not in favor of this position based on the following reasons.

  admittedly, with the advent of internet and state-of-art gadgets like laptop, tablets, being able to use computers skillfully is being considered as a valuable quality. However, early exposure to computers and other kinds of technological products might bring lots of risks and problems to kids’ future development. Recently research by National Society of Psychiatrists shows that exposure to computers at an early age leads to addiction to computers when they grow older and obviously spending too much time in front of the computer can pose a threat to kids’ health, to be more specific, it leads to neck problems, nearsightedness, backache and even childhood obesity. Moreover, instead of getting addicted to playing on-line games and watching meaningless videos, kids should have spent more time focusing on their academic study, or even learning how to appreciate artwork or music. Indeed, spending more time learning art and music not only benefits the kids, but also it is conducive the community as whole.

  First off, learning art and music at an early age helps to develop creativity and make the kids more imaginative. Actually, lots of scientific research in the psychological field shows that early exposure to art and music not only boosts academic achievement but also promotes creativity, self-confidence and school pride; kids who spend more time in learning art and music end up having higher analytical thinking and reasoning skills than kids who don’t.

  additionally, spending more time teaching kids music and art can can benefit the whole community. Music and art are a very important part of people’s lives. They are necessary for people to express their emotions, like happiness, sorrow, and even anger regardless of cultural background, ethnicity, age and even gentle. It is very urgent to spend more time teaching kids knowledge about art and music since they bring change, facilitate innovation and help to unite the community. They are the reminder of the past and maker of tomorrow, they also help to convey ideas and different perspectives. More importantly, art and music have great cultural significance, by learning art and music kids will have a strong sense of cultural identity and sense of belonging to community, eventually the traditional values and culture can be passed down to the younger generation.

  To conclude, it is more advisable to spend more time teaching kids art and music than technology since not only can art and music benefit the individual kid but also it benefits the community as a whole.

提升托福寫作速度的正確方法介紹10

  托福閱讀速度提升方法:學(xué)會找定位詞!

  一.什么是托福閱讀定位詞?

  其實很簡單,打個比方,你和朋友約好了去酒吧,朋友和你說酒吧在沈陽新東方正對面,這個酒吧你是不知道地點的,也就是你的目的地;而新東方卻很熟知,那么你只需找到新東方便可以找到酒吧了。在這里新東方是已知的,就是用來定位的詞匯,而酒吧則是你的目的所在,也便是你要找的答案。

  定位詞的稱呼有很多,如關(guān)鍵詞,主旨詞,功能詞,中心詞等等。這些只是個名稱罷了,含義都是一致的:一個可以根據(jù)題干回原文定位,并能夠找到出處的詞,這個題干中的詞就是定位詞or key word。

  二.定位詞具體特征分析

  定位詞總體特征:不可變性和細(xì)節(jié)性

  不可變性:定位詞是用來定位的,所以必須找那些回原文依然不變的詞匯,才有意義。通常不用動詞和副詞來定位。通常是名詞或充當(dāng)定語的形容詞。

  細(xì)節(jié)性:不要找大概念的詞匯,更不要拿代表全文主旨的詞匯來定位。換句話說不要找那些原文一大堆的詞匯,無法定位。

  如,95年英國劍橋委員會British Council給出的唯一樣題文章的題目是:The Spectacular Eruption of Mount St.Helens

  下面有一道選擇題是“According to the text the eruption of Mount St.Helens and other volcanoes has influenced our climate by…”

  拿這道題為例,如果大家把Mount St.Helens作為關(guān)鍵詞回原文進(jìn)行定位,那你會郁悶致死,全文主要講的就是圣海倫斯火山的噴發(fā),原文有N多個Mount St.Helens,所以即使這個詞屬于大寫的專有名詞,但他違背了細(xì)節(jié)性,是概括性的詞匯,也不能作為定位詞來尋找答案。

  究竟哪些詞在托福閱讀當(dāng)中充當(dāng)定位詞?

  三.托福閱讀中的定位詞都有哪些類別?

  1.特殊詞匯

  在閱讀中有一些詞張的比較特殊,這種詞很容易被記住,也很容易回原文定位。

  好比,在大街上上看到一個人光著身子跑步-------特殊難看

  一個人的個子超高,像姚明一樣------特殊長

  一個人身上穿著10多種顏色的衣服,而且不停的搖頭-----特殊怪

  特殊怪,特殊長,特殊難

  這三種詞就是特殊詞的所有特征,在文中看到這樣的詞,一定要警惕。如,

  Sequoia美洲杉---特殊怪,很好定位,也經(jīng)常作為考點。

  Sodium【化學(xué)】鈉---特殊難,大家只要知道是一種化學(xué)元素足矣。

  Simultaneous同時的---特殊長,這種詞本身的特點決定應(yīng)作為定位詞。

  2.數(shù)字:通常指時間,金錢和百分比。

  有一個道題目是這樣問的:

“What are the dates of the TWO major eruptions before 1980?”

  那么像1980 3185$ 69%這些詞因為長相原因,段落全是英文,突然跑出來幾個數(shù)字,十分顯眼,也就很好回原文找到他們。

  3.專有名詞:

  斜體字,大寫人名,地名,大寫的專有名詞,這一點大家都很熟悉,不用多說。

  4.特殊符號:

  在特殊符號里或者旁邊的詞,最好通過符號回原文進(jìn)行定位,如“paper conversation”,(three cubic miles)這些詞本身并沒有什么特別,但放在符號里面,就可以根據(jù)符號回原文進(jìn)行尋找。

  托福閱讀真題原題+題目

  Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American entrepreneurs increased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations in manufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the average per capita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year — 30 percent over the course of a generation. Goods that had once been luxury items became part of everyday life.

  The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods, since the 1790's, North American entrepreneurs — even without technological improvements — had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process. For example, during the 1820's and 1830's the shoe industry greatly expanded the scale and extend of the outwork system. Tens of thousands of rural women, paid according to the amount they produced, fabricated the uppers of shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens of Massachusetts towns, whereas previously journeymen would have made the entire shoe. This system of production made the employer a powerful shoe boss and eroded workers' control over the pace and conditions of labor. However, it also dramatically increased the output of shoes while cutting their price.

  For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even more important new organization, the modem factory, which used power-driven machines and assembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early as 1782 the prolific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had built a highly automated, laborsaving flour mill driven by water power. His machinery lifted the grain to the top of the mill, cleaned it as it fell into containers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour, and then conveyed the flour back to the top of the mill to allow it to cool as it descended into barrels. Subsequently, manufacturers made use of new improved stationary steam engines to power their mills. This new technology enabled them to build factories in the nation's largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations of inexpensive labor, good transportation networks, and eager customers.

  1. What is the passage mainly about?

(A) The difficulties of industrialization in North America

(B) The influence of changes in manufacturing on the growth of urban centers

(C) The rapid speed of industrialization in North America

(D) Improved ways of organizing the manufacturing of goods

  2. The word boosted in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) ensured

(B) raised

(C) arranged

(D) discouraged

  3. The word scope in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) value

(B) popularity

(C) extent

(D) diversity

  4. The author mentions the shoe industry in the second paragraph to provide an example of how

(A) entrepreneurs increased output by using an extended outwork system

(B) entrepreneurs used technological improvements to increase output

(C) rural workers responded to shoe bosses

(D) changes in the outwork system improved the quality of shoes

  5. All of the following are mentioned as effects of changes in the shoe industry during the 1820's

  and 1830's EXCEPT

(A) an increase in the worker's dependence on entrepreneurs

(B) an increase in the wages paid to journeymen shoemakers

(C) a decline in the workers ability to control the speed of production

(D) a decrease in the price of shoes

  6. All of the following are true of the outwork system EXCEPT

(A) It involved stages of production.

(B) It was more efficient than the systems used before 1790.

(C) It made many employers less powerful than they had been before.

(D) It did not necessarily involve any technological improvements.

  7. The word prolific in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) efficient

(B) productive

(C) self-employed

(D) progressive

  8. According to the passage , how did later mills differ from the mills differ from the mill built by

  Oliver Evans?

(A) They were located away from large cities.

(B) They used new technology to produce power.

(C) They did not allow flour to cool before it was placed in Barrels.

(D) They combined technology with the outwork system.

  9. The word it in line 25 refers to

(A) water power

(B) machinery

(C) grain

(D) mill

  10. The passage mentions which of the following as a result of improvements in factory

  Machinery?

(A) It become easier for factory' owners to find workers and customers.

(B) Manufacturers had to employ more highly skilled workers.

(C) The amount of power required for factories operate was reduced.

(D) Factories could operate more than one engine at a time.

  11. The word eager in line 30 is closest in meaning to

(A) wealthy

(B) knowledgeable

(C) regular

(D) enthusiastic

  pASSAGE 94 DBCAB CBBCA D

提升托福寫作速度的正確方法介紹11

  托福寫作提升方法丨你是否了解審題的重要性?

  一.托福寫作審題的重要性

  托福寫作很多人都在練習(xí)如何寫,如何能有一個漂亮的文筆,這時不少人都忽略了托福作文題目本身,其實托福寫作經(jīng)驗提醒大家一個好的開始真的是成功的一半,一定要先把題目弄懂再進(jìn)行寫作。

  在托福考場上時間無疑是最為寶貴的,那么怎么能在有限的時間內(nèi)爭分奪秒,迅速閱讀并理解題目,理清思路,并組織好語言呢?這需要我們在平時不斷大量的練習(xí),以及在每次練習(xí)后總結(jié)經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn),以免下次再犯同樣的錯誤。那么在平時的練習(xí)以及在考場上,審題無疑是最為重要的環(huán)節(jié)之一,因為它直接與我們的寫作內(nèi)容相聯(lián)系,如果我們審題出現(xiàn)了偏差,那么不管我們的語言多么優(yōu)美生動,不管我們的結(jié)構(gòu)多么合理分明,我們的作文都是不合格的,所以,我們在練習(xí)及考試時,都不能不重視審題這一步驟,務(wù)必要在最短的時間內(nèi)抓住題目的關(guān)鍵詞,正確理解要求,保證迅速而準(zhǔn)確的解讀出題目的隱含意義,并迅速梳理出自己的思路,樹立自己的觀點,寫出一篇高質(zhì)量的作文來。

  二.如何審好題目

  我們應(yīng)該熟悉托福作文題目的主要類型,托福寫作經(jīng)驗提醒大家要明確托福獨立寫作主要有幾種形式,每種形式的代表詞是什么,對于該種類型的題目又有什么方法可以解,哪種方法最為有效最為快速,哪種方法最為百搭,哪種方法容易寫出高質(zhì)量的作文來。

  這就要求我們在平時的寫作練習(xí)中多加思考,積極總結(jié),并且要了解自己的長處和弱項,有針對性的進(jìn)行練習(xí),這樣不但知己知彼,還能揚(yáng)長避短,保證我們在托福獨立寫作中得到高分。在平時的練習(xí)中,我們閱讀題目時,不但要注意題目所討論的主要問題,究竟是屬于經(jīng)濟(jì)類還是教育類,更應(yīng)該抓住一些看似不是重點的虛詞,比如 “must”、“should”以及“the most”等等。這些詞不但修飾了題目中所要表達(dá)的問題,更標(biāo)志了該種題目的類型,在解題思路上給我們提示。

  不管是在平時的托福寫作練習(xí)還是考場上面,我們都應(yīng)該抓住關(guān)鍵詞,這個關(guān)鍵詞不僅僅指“經(jīng)濟(jì)”、“教育”這一類詞,更是“必須”、“應(yīng)該”這種表示情感或者說表示態(tài)度的詞。這種詞直接關(guān)系到我們可以采取什么態(tài)度來回應(yīng)題目,是完全同意,還是部分同意,亦或者是完全不同意。在平時多多研究這些詞語和解題思路的關(guān)系,總結(jié)相應(yīng)的套路,能夠在考場上為我們節(jié)省大量的時間,提升解題效率和準(zhǔn)確度,并且?guī)椭覀儜?zhàn)無不勝。

  總之,在閱讀題目時,我們要抓住每一個關(guān)鍵詞,深入理解他們的意思,分析不同題目之間相同之處,總結(jié)出托福獨立寫作的套路來,只有通過大量練習(xí)和不斷總結(jié),我們才能更全面的理解托福獨立寫作的要求,從而寫出符合要求的作文來。

  托福寫作模板:書本知識與實踐經(jīng)驗

  Task:It has been said, “Not everything that is learned is contained in books.” Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?.

  托福寫作模板范文參考:

  We all crave knowledge, especially in this Age of Information, but what is the best source of knowledge? Are we to believe Albert Camus, who stated” The place we are to get knowledge is in books”? Or are we better served by following Albert Einstein's counsel that “The only source of knowledge is experience”? Although books have their place in one's learning, there is no substitute for experience; indeed, it is experience that is ultimately the most important source of knowledge.

  First, let us consider the knowledge needed to undertake a profession-for example, that of a physician. Knowledge gained from books provides the foundation of a doctor's training: study in a medical school begins with a near-overload of reading on anatomy, physiology and maladies both rare and common. However, during this time the medical student is also learning through experience, beginning with dissecting cadavers from almost the first day of medical school. Then, the aspiring physician must complete four years of residency, consisting of actual supervised experience at a hospital in which he or she now must put into practice all of the knowledge he or she has edge of dealing with patients, prescribing medication, and the joy and sadness of saving and losing patients; in other words, it is through experience that these residents finally learn what it means to be a doctor.

  What about knowledge other than professional expertise-for example, knowledge about another culture? In this realm as well, both books and real-life experience enrich and edify us. For example, Paris is perhaps the most talked-about and written-about city in the world. We could read Hemingway's A Moveable Feast, in which he describes the excitement and intellectual spirit-as well as the restaurants and plentiful red wine-of Paris in the 1920's. Or, we could travel to Paris and eat at bistros, walk across the Pont Neuf and look at the river Seine, visit the Louvre museum, and have adventures of our own. Clearly, most people would have attained more lasting and vivid knowledge by visiting Paris on their own rather than reading about it secondhand.

  In summary, experience, rather than books, is more central to our quest for learning, especially with regard to professional expertise. With regard to learning about another culture, experience is also irreplaceable. Yet not everyone in the world will have the health or financial resources to carry out a trip to Paris. But many people have access to a local library where they can borrow A Moveable Feast and, at no cost, read Hemingway's vibrant descriptions of Paris. We cannot forget the complementary and unique knowledge afforded by books, but experience is the most precious source of knowledge.

  托福寫作之攻略長句子

  那什么時候使用長句,什么時候使用短句?

  在你要表達(dá)中心思想的時候,也就是在寫主題句的時候,建議使用短句,因為寫中心思想的時候需要在一句話當(dāng)中把你的主要觀點論述清楚,在這種情況下短句的表現(xiàn)力會更好。

  在你要表達(dá)復(fù)雜概念,且這些概念存在因果、對比、時間等邏輯關(guān)系的時候,你可以使用長句,這樣能讓你一句話當(dāng)中補(bǔ)充的信息比較多,也證明你對英語句子的掌握會比較充分。

  所以說,山不在高有仙則名,水不在深有龍則靈,句不在長夠用就行。

  今天主要介紹三種讓句子寫得更長、更富有變化的方法。第一種,句子開頭的變化。第二種,平行結(jié)構(gòu)。第三種,分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。

  句子開頭的變化

  首先,句子開頭的變化目的是讓句子變得更多樣。它對句子長度的增加,并不那么明顯。

  讓我們看個例子:Immediately, the police officer got out of the car and asked for my driver’s license.,immediately放在句首,可以讓句子更多樣,看起來富于變化。

  再看一個例子:Farmlands, However, were less possible to be polluted because of fewer factories in the past. 那這句又把however又放在了主語的后邊,謂語動詞的前邊,組成了一個插入語也可以。像這種句首的副詞是一種變化方式。

  第二,你可以用短語來開頭??催@個例子,In the arena, fans stood with their hands over their hearts and sang the National Anthem with the purpose of showing respect to their country. 大家注意看,這一個單句,但是這句話寫的也比較長,你看一下,開頭是用了一個In the arena,然后在句子的末尾加了一個介詞短語with purpose of doing something。前邊加了一個介詞短語,后邊加了一個介詞短語,那整個這句話變得就比較長了,也變得比較多樣了。所以說介詞短語,也可以讓你的句子變得多樣,且長度增加。

  接下來還有一種方式,就是在句子的開頭放上一個不定式,比如說To win,或者是寫成in order to win,candidates need to convey a clear message that is not contaminated by the opposition. 前邊加了一個in order to或者是to,也可以讓句子變得多樣,且長度增加。

  還有一種方式,利用現(xiàn)在分詞來開頭,比如說,Tapping the power of being seen, the Oscar nominees appeared on late-night television, morning news programs, and in glossy magazines. ,現(xiàn)在分詞tapping就可以起到讓句子開頭有變化的這種作用,但是注意,tapping出現(xiàn)ing的時候證明這個詞的主語跟后面主句的主語一致,這種情況下才可以使用ing的形式來開頭。

  同樣呢,我們還可以使用過去分詞做開頭,但這種情況下要求后一句的主語要和前邊的這個分詞形成被動關(guān)系,比如說,Seen from the space, the Earth is a blue planet.,其實就是 the earth is seen from the space, the Earth is a blue planet.。所以說這種情況下注意主動和被動關(guān)系就行了。主動用ing,被動用過去分詞,也就是ed。所以說我們稍微總結(jié)一下,句子開頭變化可以句首+副詞,還可以用短語來開頭,還可以用不定式,還可以用分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。

  平行結(jié)構(gòu)

  第二種方式,平行結(jié)構(gòu)這種方式其實非常好用,往往被大家忽視。比如說:My embarrassment stemmed not from the money lostbut from the notoriety gained.,所以說這個地方在說的時候你要想清楚,你看這句話not from...,but from...,這是不是一種平行的短語結(jié)構(gòu)啊,讓你的句子變得更加的豐富。

  第二呢,She wanted her audience to remember the protest song and to understand its origin.,to remember...,and to understand...,這兩個不定式同時也構(gòu)成了一個平行的結(jié)構(gòu)。

  第三句,The team members vowed that they would support each other, that they would play their best, and that they would win the tournament.,注意,這三個平行結(jié)構(gòu)是怎么構(gòu)成的呢?三個賓語從句,that...,that...,and that...,所以說這一下這個句子就能拉長。再看下邊一個例子,Whether her goals include publicizing student and faculty research or increasing research funding, she always works to improve research facilities.,注意,whether后邊加的是publicizing...or increasing...,所以說用doing的方式也可以構(gòu)成平行結(jié)構(gòu)。

  在這里大家想一想,究竟什么是平行結(jié)構(gòu)呢。那這個平行結(jié)構(gòu)說的簡單點,就是用同樣的結(jié)構(gòu)來并列,形成一種關(guān)系。常見的呢,可以引導(dǎo)平行結(jié)構(gòu)的短語有:

  both...and...;either...or...;neither...nor...;not only...but also...;whether...or...

  這都是大家很熟悉的短語。只不過大家平時用的時候都是用名詞,both A and B,A和B都是簡單的名詞或者代詞,你沒有想想是不是可以用短語來代替這些詞,也可以加長句子的長度。

  分詞結(jié)構(gòu)

  第三種,就是分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞結(jié)構(gòu)我們主要說分詞做后置作定語的這種方式。

  比如說看例子:By contrast, people living in the cityare suffering from various diseases caused by the environmental contamination, for pollutants from factories and automobiles are continually being discharged into the air and rivers.

  這句話里邊people living in the city其實就是people who live in the city,主動語態(tài)放在后邊就可以用一個doing的形式來簡化這個定語從句,后邊那個various diseases caused by...,其實就是diseases which are caused by...,所以說這種過去分詞也可以做后置定語,只要和前邊的是個被動的關(guān)系就可以了。因此,這種分詞結(jié)構(gòu)也能夠使句子變得更加豐富更加多樣,然后長度也會相應(yīng)拉長。

  總結(jié)

  前面我們在講解的過程當(dāng)中一直在說這個問題,你要讓你的句子多樣,要讓你的句子變長。你發(fā)現(xiàn)了嗎,變長的時候我們的主力句型是什么呢,就是從句,或者分詞,再加上一個并列句,簡單的講就是,你要寫成,when I get up, I go to school, and...,怎么怎么怎么樣。這樣一句話就可以把它拉長。在你寫從句的時候,你也可以考慮使用分詞來替換,因此呢,這就是我們讓句子變長的幾個小的技巧。

  最后給大家來一個結(jié)構(gòu)非常清楚的長句例子:

  both involving in program engineering and in the after-sale service, Tom could not only sharpen his skills in his major—computer science by being elected as one of top ten programmers in the company but also he could cultivate a new skill—fluently and efficiently communicate with others by answering dozens of calls of complaints from the customers every day.(60 words)

提升托福寫作速度的正確方法介紹12

  托福閱讀備考:托福閱讀速度如何提升?

  一. 閱讀文章讀不懂,如何提升閱讀速度

  托福閱讀文章還是有一定難度的,很多同學(xué)初次接觸托福都覺得托福文章讀不懂或者需要花費很久才能弄懂意思。那么讀不懂文章如何提升閱讀速度呢?從根本上講,閱讀讀不懂是因為詞匯量和語法基礎(chǔ)太差。所以建議先背托福詞匯,看一遍基礎(chǔ)語法知識。詞匯是閱讀的根基,沒有詞匯量做基礎(chǔ),閱讀速度是不可能有很大提升的。托福閱讀要求大家有很快的閱讀速度,如果一篇閱讀中生詞太多,就算快速讀完也不知道文章的意思。除了背單詞之外,還要掌握基本的語法知識,英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)與中文很不相同,掌握語法知識有助于大家理解文章中的長難句。所以總的來說,文章讀不懂要先將基本功練扎實。

  二. 題目做太慢,如何提升做題速度

  有的同學(xué)表示,閱讀文章能讀懂,但就是題目做的太慢,所以做閱讀總是超時。題目做的慢,其實是因為缺乏做題技巧,不能快速在原文中定位題目位置。閱讀打好基礎(chǔ)以后,要學(xué)習(xí)一些做題的技巧,比如小結(jié)題應(yīng)該通讀文章段落找答案,推理題要根據(jù)文章意思推理得出,詞匯題要將選項帶入原句看是否通順……做題技巧是提升閱讀做題速度的高效方法。托福閱讀題目是按順序出題,基本上按照文章的文章結(jié)構(gòu)對應(yīng)題目,大家在做題的時候要快速定位題目位置,結(jié)合上下文快速選出答案。托福閱讀題目中很多選項似是而非非常具有迷惑性,一定要提高辨別能力,選擇最佳選項%e

提升托福寫作速度的正確方法介紹13篇相關(guān)文章:

教師教學(xué)方法心得體會10篇 如何提升教師教學(xué)方法和措施心得體會

初探班主任與家長的溝通技巧班主任工作藝術(shù)3篇(班主任如何與家長溝通方法與技巧)

愛心折紙的制作方法圖解2篇 簡單的愛心折紙制作方法

蘋果的栽培方法及功效與作用3篇(蘋果的栽培方法及功效與作用文章)

中考數(shù)學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)方法策略3篇(初三數(shù)學(xué)中考備考策略)

地鐵施工方法3篇 城市地鐵常用的施工方法

折紙小船的方法圖文教程2篇 簡單小船折紙教程

高中歷史學(xué)習(xí)方法12篇(學(xué)高中歷史的方法)

高二語文備考復(fù)習(xí)方法分享3篇

工會組建方法及程序推薦3篇(組建工會的方法和程序)