托福閱讀復雜長難句式解讀6篇托福閱讀長難句分析匯總

時間：2022-10-14 12:01:00 綜合范文

　　下面是范文網(wǎng)小編分享的托福閱讀復雜長難句式解讀6篇托福閱讀長難句分析匯總，供大家參考。

托福閱讀復雜長難句式解讀1

　　雅思閱讀復雜句在文章中十分常見，閱讀文章長，句型結(jié)構(gòu)復雜，一句話三四行，主干看不清，句子讀不懂。從雅思閱讀文章中可以看出復雜句的兩個特點：

(1) 雅思閱讀句子較長，大多數(shù)句子都在20個詞以上，很多句子超過50個詞。

(2) 雅思閱讀文章句型結(jié)構(gòu)復雜，結(jié)構(gòu)復雜的簡單句、并列句、復合句、并列復合句、多重復合句、被動句、倒裝句、插入語等句型使用頻繁。

　　這些復雜句造成同學們理解上的困難，由于句型在雅思閱讀的文章中比較普遍，因此考前熟悉它們非常必要。具體而言，按時間要求做完一套閱讀題后，要從中挑一些又長有復雜的句子加以分析，學會抓主干。這樣，雅思閱讀做題過程中速度和標準率就會提高。

　　句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析的關(guān)鍵之一是抓主干。對于復合句，抓主句;對于主句或比較復雜的簡單主語和謂語。抓主干，抓主句的主要意思，而對修飾成分先不特別注意，這是提高閱讀速度的一個重要方法。

　　下面看到一些較難的句子及其結(jié)構(gòu)分析、中文譯文。大家在看這些句子的中文譯文的時候會發(fā)現(xiàn)這些譯文并沒有用標準的書面語言，而是按照英文的結(jié)構(gòu)來翻譯的，因此有些翻譯會顯得生硬，但它與其英文原文結(jié)構(gòu)一致，這樣是為了更有助于同學們理解英文原句的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　一.結(jié)構(gòu)復雜的簡單句

　　如果句子只包含一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，而句子各個成分都只由單詞或短語表示，它就是簡單句(不管句子是長是短)。

　　有的簡單句并不簡單，也很長，復雜的簡單句包括：

(1)分詞及分詞短語做定語、狀語

(2)動名詞及動名詞短語做主語、表語、賓語

(3)不定式及不定式短語做主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語

(4)形容詞短語做后置定語

　　1.to resolve a dispute means to turn opposing positions into single outcome

　　中文譯文：解決一個沖突意味著把相反的各方變成一個單一的結(jié)果。

　　結(jié)構(gòu)分析：不定式短語to resolve a dispute 做主語，謂語是means，不定式短語to turn opposing a positions into a single outcome 做賓語，其中分詞opposing 是positions 的定語。

　　2. reconciling such interests is not easy

　　中文譯文：調(diào)和這種利益是不容易的。

　　結(jié)構(gòu)分析：動名詞短語reconciling such interests 做主語。動名詞短語做主語，謂語一般用單數(shù)。

　　3. it involves probing for deeply rooted concerns， devising creative solutions，and making trade-offs and compromises where interests are opposed

　　中文譯文：它涉及到探究深層次的關(guān)注，想出有創(chuàng)造性的解決方案，以及當利益矛盾時，做出交易和妥協(xié)。

　　結(jié)構(gòu)分析：這是一個簡單句。主語是it，謂語是involves，三個動名詞短語做賓語(屬于平行結(jié)構(gòu))。在閱讀中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)“a and b”或“a or b”的形式，其中a 與b 同義或近義，所以只要認識其中一個詞就能猜測出另一個詞的大致意思。例如：trade-off and compromises。

　　4. the most common procedure for doing this is negotiation，the act of communication intended to reach agreement

　　中文譯文：做這件事最常用的方法是談判，一種想要達成一致的交流的行為。

　　結(jié)構(gòu)分析：過去分詞短語intended to reach agreement 是the act of communication 的后置定語，the act of communication intended to reach agreement 是的同位語，對negotiation 進行解釋。

　　5. in other words，seeing large pupils gives rise to larger pupils

　　中文譯文：換句話說，看大的瞳孔會引起更大的瞳孔。

　　結(jié)構(gòu)分析：動名詞短語做seeing large pupils 主語。

　　6. yet ， a father accepting responsibility for behavior problems is linked with positive outcomes

　　中文譯文：一個為行為問題負責的父親是和正面的結(jié)果相聯(lián)系的。

　　結(jié)構(gòu)分析：accepting responsibility for behavior problems 是現(xiàn)在分詞短語做father 的后置定語

托福閱讀復雜長難句式解讀2

　　托福閱讀長難句太復雜完全看不懂?來學習一下這11個經(jīng)典難句翻譯找感覺

　　1. Accordingto conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy andserves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeperbreathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallowbreathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.

【譯文】根據(jù)傳統(tǒng)的理論，當人們無聊或者困倦的時候，打哈欠會出現(xiàn)。打哈欠通過深呼吸來逆轉(zhuǎn)血液中氧含量的降低，從而的起到提高警覺的功能。而血液中氧含量的降低是由淺呼吸導致的，而淺呼吸又伴隨著缺覺或無聊。

　　2. The keyfactor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy, whichcontributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division oflabor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out areas ofspecialization in international markets for which they were especially wellsuited.

【譯文】這些國家成功的關(guān)鍵因素(促成這個因素的是高識字率)是他們有能力適應(yīng)由早期的工業(yè)化國家決定的勞動力國際分工并占領(lǐng)了他們特別適合的國際市場中的專業(yè)化領(lǐng)域。

　　3. In the second case, pollinators(insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has itspollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would beif they were carried by the wind only.

【譯文】在第二個案例中，傳粉者(昆蟲和鳥)從開花植物中獲取食物，而植物也使得它們的花粉和種子相比于只通過風傳播的更加高效。

　　4. In the green-to yellow lightingconditions of the lowest levels of the forest, yellow and green would be thebrightest colors, but when an animal is signaling, these colors would not bevery visible if the animal was sitting in an area with a yellowish or greenishbackground.

【譯文】在森林最底層的黃綠管線條件下，黃和率可能是最亮的顏色，但是，當動物在發(fā)信號的時候，如果該動物處于黃綠背景下，這些顏色就不太明顯了。

　　5. In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vesselscarrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warmblood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus,the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before itreaches the flipper itself.

【譯文】在逆流交換系統(tǒng)中，來自于腳蹼的攜帶冷血的血管接近來自身體的攜帶熱血的血管來從較熱的血管中獲得熱量;因此，在達到腳蹼前，熱量從向外流的血管中轉(zhuǎn)移到了向內(nèi)流的血管中。

　　6. American paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski,who have studied extinction rates in a number of fossil groups, suggest thatepisodes of increased extinction have recurred periodically, approximatelyevery 26 million years since the mid-Cretaceous period.

【譯文】美國古生物學家D.R.和J.S，他們已經(jīng)很多化石群的滅絕速率，指出，越來越多的滅絕是周期性重復出現(xiàn)的，從白堊紀中期開始，周期大約是沒二百六十萬年一次。

　　7. As amongtribes people, personal relationships and a careful weighing of character havealways been crucial in a mercantile economy with little regulation, where one'sword is one's bond and where informal ties of trust cement together aninternational trade network.

【譯文】在部落人中，人際關(guān)系和對品德仔細的考量在一個幾乎沒有規(guī)范的重商主義經(jīng)濟中一直都很重要。而在沒有規(guī)范的重商主義經(jīng)濟中，一個的話語就是一個人的保證，非正式的信任紐帶將國際貿(mào)易網(wǎng)絡(luò)年合起來。

　　8. The explanation is that the Mayaexcavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged upleaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order tocreate reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basinsand stored it for use in the dry season.

【譯文】解釋是，瑪雅人挖掘了大坑或者將天然的大坑修改，然后又通過把大坑的底部抹上灰泥把卡斯特地貌上的漏洞堵上，來制造蓄水池，這樣，就能從巨大的被灰泥堵住的蓄水池中收集雨水并儲存起來在干季時使用。

　　9. Inequalitiesof gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to havebeen softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in mostcommunities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skillsof men, including, often, their military skills.

【譯文】性別的不平等也存在于畜牧社會中，但是，由于大部分社群中沒有出現(xiàn)森嚴的財富等級，而且需要女性具備大多數(shù)男性的技巧，諸如軍技巧，性別不平等就被軟化了。

　　10. Ramsay thenstudied a gas that was present in natural gas deposits and discovered that itwas helium, an element whose presence in the Sun had been noted earlier in thespectrum of sunlight but that had notpreviously been known on Earth.

【譯文】拉姆齊(Ramsay)研究了一種存在于天然氣中的氣體，并發(fā)現(xiàn)是氦氣(helium)，該元素早就在太陽里通過太陽光光譜被發(fā)現(xiàn)了，但是還從來沒有在地球上被發(fā)現(xiàn)過。

　　11. Many complex factors led to the adoption of the neweconomies, not only at Abu Hureyra, but at many other locations such as 'AinGhazal, also in Syria, where goat toe bones showing the telltale marks ofabrasion caused by foot tethering (binding) testify to early herding of domesticstock.

【譯文】很多復雜的因素導致了新經(jīng)濟的采用，不僅出現(xiàn)在AbuHureyra，很多其他的地方也有，比如說'AinGhaza,也就是敘利亞，在那里，山羊腳趾的骨頭顯示有腳被綁住造成的磨損痕跡，這證實了早期的家畜蓄養(yǎng)。

　　托福閱讀真題回憶

　　Passage One

　　學科分類：地質(zhì)

　　題目：洋流的變化對全球溫度的影響

　　內(nèi)容回憶：

　　首段：調(diào)節(jié)全球溫度的洋流主要通過水流溫度，海洋濃度等方式。

　　第二段：Gulf Stream 原本可以將大量的暖流注入到南大西洋，但是隨著溫室效應(yīng)，溫度產(chǎn)生相反的效果。

　　第三段：大量冰川淡水涌入洋流中，導致溫度降低，就會造成類似1863年英國的寒潮侵襲。

　　第四段：與此同時其他洋流的流向也極大程度上加速了全球變暖的趨勢，這是一個惡性循環(huán)。

　　詞匯題：

　　elaborate=complex

　　Passage Two

　　學科分類：歷史

　　題目：奧古斯丁時代羅馬帝國的城市發(fā)展

　　內(nèi)容回憶：

　　首段說明奧古斯丁時代羅馬帝國的發(fā)展概況。

　　第二段說明，城市的發(fā)展是因為大量的農(nóng)民在城市中經(jīng)商，并且?guī)映鞘兄車l(fā)展。

　　第三段說明有一些農(nóng)民為了尋求更好的生活，從農(nóng)村移居到城市，而城市里原本那些商人擔任了城市政府的職能。

　　第四段說明因為貿(mào)易的增加，一些沿岸港口城市發(fā)展特別快，相反一些內(nèi)陸的老城開始逐漸衰敗。

　　詞匯題待補充

　　Passage Three

　　學科分類：天文

　　題目：宇宙的形式

　　內(nèi)容回憶：

　　首段說明宇宙形成學說有非常多種。

　　第二段：在過去人們沒有停止對太空起源的探索，但大多數(shù)從哲學角度分析。

　　第三段：宇宙爆炸學說是當前人類接受度最高的一種。

　　第四段，第四段大量物質(zhì)和塵埃的形成能解釋大多數(shù)天體運動現(xiàn)象，但是依然有部分時間現(xiàn)象無法解釋。

　　詞匯題：

　　considerable= a large mount of

　　托福閱讀：句子簡化題的步驟

　　1、找原句邏輯：

　　找邏輯連接詞詞，常見邏輯連接詞：

　　轉(zhuǎn)折：but, however, yet, nevertheless

　　讓步：although，though，even though， despite，in spite of

　　比較對比：more/less than, as…as , while, whereas, unlike

　　條件：if, only if, except, unless, provide that, as long as

　　因果： because (of) ,since, as, why, for, therefore, hence, thus, consequently, lead to, as a result (of),result in, result from, reason, A contribute to B, attribute/ascribe A to B, explain, come from, so A that B,A be responsible for B

　　2、找原句主干：

　　誰做什么，誰是什么 (一般刪掉修飾語:定語從句，介詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)，時間地點狀語)。

　　注意：若兩個句子有對比關(guān)系，因為兩個分句中被比較的事物本質(zhì)可能都差不多，所以表修飾的定語從句才是關(guān)鍵，這時候定語時關(guān)鍵。

　　3、對比選項選答案：

　　排除有明顯與主要信息矛盾的選項了，排除無中生有的邏輯。

　　除了以上提到的托福閱讀句子簡化題答題技巧外，解答托福閱讀句子簡化題一定要掌握好語法，希望大家在接下來的備考環(huán)節(jié)能夠熟練應(yīng)用以上技巧。

托福閱讀復雜長難句式解讀3

　　托福聽力出現(xiàn)復雜句式如何秒懂?5個實例具體分析重點要點

　　1)反問句

　　Isn’t that just for when you need help with writing/, like an essay or research paper? (TPO24-C2)

　　同學們一聽就會知道是個問句，以及會聽到writing、research paper這些詞，但會感覺開頭有點快，這一點主要因為發(fā)音快導致不易辨認清楚。本句其實是Isn’t just for sth.這種反問句句式，在聽的方面主要是區(qū)分isn’t that和is that的發(fā)音;在理解上就要注意反問句所表達的偏強調(diào)的意思。

　　2)強調(diào)句

　　But actually, it was a physicist/ who came up with a method that was a breakthrough. (TPO15-L3)

　　這句話較簡單，主要是同學們?nèi)菀茁牰巳匀徊磺宄@是強調(diào)句型it was sb. who…，而這個句型基本上是初中語法知識，但你看，作為用得少的典范，就容易反應(yīng)不出，即使它再簡單。

　　3)插入語

　　So the original hypothesis/ that the stones found with sauropods were gastroliths/, even though it hasn’t been supported/, has helped us to make new hypothesis/, which may eventually lead to the answer. (TPO27-L3)

　　這句話比剛才的難度要大，首先要判斷出that引出同位語，指hypothesis，所以從the original hypothesis到gastroliths是主語，根據(jù)我們上一期文章提到的抓“核心主謂賓”的方法，要有意識抓謂語動詞。接著聽到even though，這個時候就要召喚語法預(yù)判能力了，因為even though固定搭配“雖然…但是…/即使…也…”，所以even though引導的都是讓步從句，我們?nèi)匀灰ブ骶?，也就繼續(xù)等待剛才“the original hypothesis…gastroliths”主語部分之后的謂語動詞出現(xiàn)，此后我們聽到has helped…確定謂語動詞。到此為止，主干部分已經(jīng)清楚So the original hypothesis…h(huán)as helped us to make new hypothesis。最后which引導定語從句修飾new hypothesis，較簡單。

　　另外本句要注意聽出hasn’t been supported, has helped的否定和肯定，否則邏輯仍會混亂。本句語法成分較多：同位語，插入語，定語從句，但相對最難的是插入語。

　　4)被動句

　　It was presented in the works of well-known Greek philosophers/ as early as the fourth century B.C.E. (TPO21-L1)

　　本句如果第一遍沒聽懂，則要在精聽中的第二遍聽主干，也就是核心主謂賓：It was presented…再在第三遍抓里面的細節(jié)，也就是其他介詞引導的部分;其中注意連讀works of，as early as;本句為大家也用得相對較少的被動句句式。

　　5)倒裝句

　　Only after the site at Gonur-depe was excavated/ were archaeologists able to identify it/ as coming from Gonur-depe. (TPO28-L4)

　　本句首先聽聽前半部分有明顯的停頓were，那么迅速判斷only after…were是明顯的倒裝句。事實上本句很多同學看都不一定看得懂，這就考查語法功底的扎實程度了。

　　托福聽力練習：蛋白質(zhì)測試補充DNA分析

　　DNA analysis is a staple of crime scenes—and crime shows, like HBO's The Night of or the old standby, CSI:

“We just need to get this to the DNA lab, confirm it's the victim's blood. And then, case closed.”

　　And it's not just for crime: DNA sequencing also helps determine our relationship to Neandertals, and our primate cousins.

　　Problem is, DNA's a relatively fragile molecule—it doesn't last forever. What's more sturdy is protein. So now researchers have come up with a way to use protein in a similar way to DNA: to link an individual to a piece of evidence or to determine ethnic background.

　　The protein source these scientists studied was human hair, from 76 individuals of European-American, African-American and Kenyan descent. And they determined that the variation of a couple hundred proteins in a person's hair could be enough to single her out from a group of one million individuals.

　　The way it works is that proteins are made according to the instructions in DNA. So one individual's genetic variations can result in slightly different proteins being made, compared to another individual. And by determining the protein composition, the scientists can then extrapolate info about the DNA. The results are in the journal PLoS ONE.

　　The researchers say the technique still is not ready for prime-time—ideally the process needs to be more sensitive, to avoid consuming valuable crime scene or archaeological samples in the analysis. And the statistics behind the technique need to be validated, too. But someday, they say, it could come within a hair of DNA analysis.

　　DNA分析是犯罪現(xiàn)場和犯罪片采用的主要方法，就像家庭影院頻道(HBO)的電視劇《罪惡之夜》和老牌美劇《犯罪現(xiàn)場調(diào)查》中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的場面。

“我們只需要將這個送到DNA實驗室，確認這是受害者的血跡。然后就可以結(jié)案了?！?/p>

　　但是，DNA分析不僅僅只是用于犯罪調(diào)查，DNA序列還可以幫助確定我們與尼恩特人以及與靈長類動物的關(guān)系。

　　問題是，DNA是一個相對脆弱的分子，其并不會永遠存在。更加堅固的是蛋白質(zhì)。所以現(xiàn)在研究人員提出了一種利用蛋白質(zhì)的新方法，該種方法與DNA的使用方法非常相似：將個體同證據(jù)聯(lián)系起來，或是確定種族背景。

　　這些科學家研究的蛋白質(zhì)來自人類的頭發(fā)，這些頭發(fā)采集自歐裔美國人、非洲裔美國人以及肯尼亞的76個個體。科學家發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個人頭發(fā)中數(shù)百個蛋白質(zhì)的變化足以將該個體與其他100百萬個個體相區(qū)分。

　　這種方法就是根據(jù)DNA的指令來操作蛋白質(zhì)。所以，與其他個體相比較，一個個體的基因變異會產(chǎn)生略有不同的蛋白質(zhì)。通過確定蛋白質(zhì)的組成，科學家可以推斷出DNA的信息。這項研究結(jié)果發(fā)表在《公共科學圖書館·綜合》雜志上。

　　研究人員表示，這項技術(shù)尚未成熟，在理想情況下，該過程需要更加的謹慎，以避免在分析中浪費寶貴的犯現(xiàn)場或其他考古樣本。另外，該技術(shù)的支持數(shù)據(jù)也還需要驗證。但是，科學家表示，有朝一日可以實現(xiàn)通過頭發(fā)來驗證DNA。

　　重點講解：

　　1. come up with 想出，提出(計劃、想法等);

　　例句：I had a hard time trying to come up with an idea.

　　為了想出主意我苦思了半天。

　　2. single out 單獨挑出;特別選出;

　　例句：He was singled out for special training.

　　他被選撥出來接受專門訓練。

　　3. according to 依據(jù)，根據(jù)，依照 (原則等);

　　例句：He ranged the books according to size.

　　他照大小順序排列這些書。

　　4. result in 導致;引起;造成;

　　例句：It resulted in a diminished output.

　　這導致了減產(chǎn)。

　　5. compared to 與…相比;和…比起來;

　　例句：The cost is just peanuts compared to what you get from the money.

　　和你投資所獲得的利益相比，這點成本就不算什么。

　　2020托福聽力練習：鯊魚體內(nèi)含毒素或威脅類

　　Living at the top of the food chain, sharks can accumulate dangerous levels of methylmercury. So much that pregnant women and children are advised not to eat shark at all. But sharks can accumulate another toxin too, called BMAA, which has been linked to the development of neurodegenerative disease. Which could be bad news for shark eaters.

“Mercury in combination with BMAA is a one-two punch.” Deborah Mash, a professor of neurology at the University of Miami's Miller School of Medicine. “These are two synergistic toxins. So even if there are low levels of exposure from the mercury or the BMAA, when humans are exposed to both of these toxins, then they will have a synergistic effect on the nervous system.”

　　BMAA starts out in cyanobacteria, and travels up the food chain through crabs and shrimp and fish. And, as previous studies have shown, makes all the way to sharks. What Mash and her colleagues wanted to know was how widespread the problem was, and if the chemical often appeared alongside mercury. So they analyzed fin and muscle samples from 10 species of shark—55 individuals in all—from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. And they found BMAA and mercury in all 10 species. Suggesting that exposure to that “one-two punch” could be pretty common. The results are in the journal Toxins.

　　It's still not clear at this point what sort of risk this occasional exposure through food might have. Still, Mash isn't waiting.

“I myself would not want to be exposed to BMAA or methyl mercury in my diet by eating shark fin or shark meat or taking shark cartilage products. We already know that mercury is toxic to our health. And we already know that BMAA plus mercury is a very bad mix for the brain. So people need to be concerned, and I think that's not only for the benefit of us as consumers, but also to the poor sharks, who are threatened with extinction.”

　　conservationists have argued for years that sharks should be spared. Maybe now that it's us who are threatened... people might finally start to leave them alone.

　　因為生活在食物鏈的頂端，所以鯊魚可以積累達到危險水平的汞。因為鯊魚體內(nèi)的汞含量非常高，所以建議孕婦和兒童不要吃鯊魚。但是，鯊魚還能積累另外一種毒素——BMAA，這種毒素與神經(jīng)退行性疾病的發(fā)展有關(guān)。這對愛吃鯊魚的人來說可是個壞消息。

“汞和BMAA的結(jié)合可謂是雙重重擊?！摈觳├ゑR許是邁阿密大學米勒醫(yī)學院的神經(jīng)學教授。“這是兩種協(xié)同作用的毒素。即使汞或者BMAA的含量很低，但是只要人類接觸到這兩種毒素，它們就會對人的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生協(xié)同效應(yīng)?！?/p>

　　BMAA最初存在于藍藻中，之后通過螃蟹、蝦類和魚類進入食物鏈上層。此前的研究已經(jīng)表明，BMAA最后進入鯊魚體內(nèi)。馬許和她的同事們想知道，如果這種化學物質(zhì)經(jīng)常和汞一起出現(xiàn)，那這個問題的普遍性有多大。所以，他們從太平洋和大西洋的55只鯊魚中提取分析了10種鯊魚的鰭和肌肉樣本。在這10種鯊魚中，均發(fā)現(xiàn)了BMAA和汞。這表明，這兩種毒素的結(jié)合非常普遍。該研究結(jié)果發(fā)表在《毒素》雜志上。

　　目前尚不清楚通過食物接觸這些毒素會產(chǎn)生何種風險。但是馬許并沒有坐等結(jié)果。

“我不想因為吃魚翅、鯊魚肉或服用鯊魚軟骨制品而在飲食中接觸到BMAA或甲基汞。我們已經(jīng)知道汞危害我們的健康。我們也知道BMAA和汞結(jié)合會對我們的大腦造成更嚴重的危害。所以，我認為人們擔心的不應(yīng)該僅僅是我們作為消費者的利益，同時也要擔心瀕臨滅絕的可憐的鯊魚。”

　　多年來，環(huán)保人士一直認為應(yīng)該保護鯊魚。也許現(xiàn)在受到威脅的是我們?nèi)祟悺裕F(xiàn)在人們可能不會再去管它們了。

　　重點講解：

　　1. even if 即使;盡管;縱然;

　　例句：They'll stand by you even if you don't succeed.

　　即使你不成功他們也會支持你。

　　2. be exposed to 使暴露于(險境);使遭受(危險或不快);

　　例句：Women who are exposed to mercury, cadmium, or vinyl chloride before conceiving seem to be especially likely to have autistic kids.

　　女性在懷孕期間接觸汞、鎘或氯乙烯很有可能會生出自閉癥患兒。

　　3. start out 起初是…;

　　例句：He started out to fix the car himself, but in the end, he had to ask for help.

　　起初他本打算自己修車，可最后他還是不得不請人幫忙。

　　4. leave alone 聽…自便;隨…去;不打擾;

　　例句：Some people need to confront a traumatic past; others find it better to leave it alone.

　　有人需要直面過去的創(chuàng)傷，有人則覺得不去想它為妙。

托福閱讀復雜長難句式解讀4

　　被動句

　　被動語態(tài)由助動詞be 加過去分詞構(gòu)成，時態(tài)通過be 表現(xiàn)出來。

　　1. therefore，like the timber barriers，the fanwall barrier can built without expensive concrete footings or piles，speeding the construction time up and reducing costs

　　中文譯文：因此，像木屏障一樣，屏障的建造不需要昂貴的混凝土地基，加快了建造時間，降低了費用。

　　Be 結(jié)構(gòu)分析：can be built 是被動語態(tài)，like the timber barriers 是介詞短語做狀語，speeding the construction time up and reducing costs 是分詞短語做狀語。

托福閱讀復雜長難句式解讀5

　　例1

　　Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how long the extinctions took by determining how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay and they thought they could determine the time it took to deposit the clay by determining the amount of the element iridium (Ir) it contained.

　　句子成分分析：Scientists 做主語，felt 謂語動詞，that從句做賓語。and并列連接詞，and 后面的they 代指scientists. 整個句子是由and 連接的并列句。

　　例子翻譯：科學家們感到他們通過確定一厘米厚的粘土的沉積時間可以能夠知道滅絕的時間，并且科學家們認為沉積粘土的時間可以通過確定粘土中含lr這種元素的量來獲得。

　　下面簡單介紹下賓語從句。

　　賓語從句，簡單來說就是做賓語的成分不是詞或短語，而是一個句子，這個句子叫賓語從句。這個句子可以做動詞的賓語也可以做介詞的賓語。從句前還得有連接詞來連接。我們熟悉的連詞that、what可以充當連接詞。舉例來說明：

(1)動詞的賓語從句

　　He told me that I had to attend the meeting.

　　他告訴我，我必須出席會議。

(2)介詞的賓語從句

　　The boss was satisfied with what the young man did.

　　老板對那個年輕人干的工作很滿意。

　　例2

　　Hearing the stories may lead preschoolers to encode aspects of events that allow them to form memories they can access as adults.

　　托福閱讀文章句子成分分析：Hearing the stories，動名詞做主語，may lead 做謂語動詞，that 定語從句修飾events，同時that在從句中做主語，them 指代preschoolers.最后they can access as adults.實際上是they 前面省略了that，因為that 在從句中做賓語(如果關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語從句中做賓語，通常把關(guān)系代詞省略掉)。省略關(guān)系代詞的例句：X is a good skirt (that )I have always wanted to buy.

　　托福閱讀例子翻譯：聽故事可能使學齡前兒童編碼事件，這些事件允許他們形成記憶，這些記憶在他們成年的時候能夠提取出來。

　　下面就定語從句簡單說一些。

　　托福閱讀高分策略提到所謂的定語從句，就是作定語的成分由詞變成了句子。這個句子叫做定語從句。定語從句有兩種，一種是這個從句對所修飾的詞很重要，不能省略這個句子，如果省略，整個句子的意思就會受到影響，這種定語從句叫做限制性定語從句。另一種，定語從句被去掉，對整個句子的理解不會受到很大影響，句子的意思還是清楚并完整的。它起到了附加說明的作用。通常定語從句和前面的句子用逗號隔開。下面我們給兩個例子大家自已體會一下：

　　Do you know the girl who is speaking with Mr. Wang?

　　Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a modern city.

　　例3

　　It is significant that the earliest living thing that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.

　　句子成分分析：it 做形式主語，that 從句做真正的主語，第二個that 引導的從句做定語從句修飾the earliest living thing , 同時that 在從句中做主語，逗號后面a phenomenon 是解釋symbiosis 的，that 從句修飾 phenomenon ,同時that 做主語，and 并列連詞，連接 a phenomenon 和a principle , 最后一個that 是修飾 a principle，同時 that 從句的主語。

　　例子翻譯：在這些島嶼上建立群落的最早生物體是共生關(guān)系的例子，這件事是很重要的。共生關(guān)系是一種現(xiàn)象，這種現(xiàn)象依賴兩個或多個生命形式的密切合作，同時共生關(guān)系也是一種原則，是在島嶼群落中很重要的原則。

　　托福閱讀材料：大蘋果

　　大蘋果紐約

　　紐約，世界最大的城市，在這里，摩天大廈林立，有著名的第五大道(Fifth Avenue俗稱第五街)、對世界經(jīng)濟極具影響力的華爾街Wall Street，以及藝術(shù)家們響往的格林威治村Greenwich Village。

　　帝國大廈 Empire State Building

　　長時期來象征著紐約摩天大樓的高達102層超高層大廈。頂層高度達1，250英尺(381公尺)。在第86樓上有一展望臺，氣候晴朗時，可以眺望周圍50英里以內(nèi)的景色。【托福閱讀】

　　洛克斐勒中心 Rockefeller Center

　　呈現(xiàn)美國典型的一面，在都市建筑學方面也頗饒興趣的商業(yè)與娛樂中心。自第49街與第50街之間，通過第五街的Promenade Gardens內(nèi)，四季花草茂盛，美麗如圖畫，公園四周是具有代表性意義的大廈，諸如PCA Building、Radio City Music Hall,Center Theatre等。NBC與ABC的制作室就是RCA大廈的第70樓。【托福閱讀】

　　自由女神 Statue of Liberty

　　世界著名的自由女神像，位于紐約灣的利勃坦島上，像高約46公尺。自由女神像內(nèi)部中空，可搭電梯直達神像頭部。此外，還有新設(shè)的移民博物館Immigration Museum。

　　聯(lián)合國 the United Nations

　　紐約的歷史系由曼頓產(chǎn)生，而現(xiàn)代世界史則與聯(lián)合國密切相關(guān)。自第42街起直到第48街上，在廣達18英畝的地基上，就興建著著名的聯(lián)合國大廈。聯(lián)合國容許觀光客依到達先后次序入內(nèi)參觀會議情形。

　　中國城 Chinatown

　　中國城已具有百年以上的歷史，城內(nèi)居住的華裔第二代約有六千人。中國城位于ChathamSquare的西邊一部份，城中主要街道為Mott。城內(nèi)有中國博物館。大都會美術(shù)館The Metropolitan Museum of Art乃是世界最大美術(shù)館之一。自由代東方到現(xiàn)代，有關(guān)美術(shù)史的重要事項，一一呈現(xiàn)眼前。內(nèi)中有一美國館，可由館中陳列品窺知初期美國人的生活狀況?！就懈ｉ喿x】

　　華爾街 Wall Street

　　是全球金融中心。世界最大的銀行大廈，除了大通銀行之外，紐約股票交易所，美國股票交易所，以及收藏1789年華盛頓就任美國第一任總統(tǒng)時的史跡的國立紀念館、聯(lián)邦廳等，都在這條街上。

　　太空城

　　休士頓

　　休士頓是美國的第五大都市，人類第一次登上月球的阿波羅飛船11號就在這里升空，因而使它也成為全球聞名的城鎮(zhèn)。這一城鎮(zhèn)是在1836年當?shù)驴怂_斯州自墨西哥獲得獨立時，隨之而誕生。

　　通往墨西哥灣的休士頓港，是美國第三大港，在那里出口的棉花和石油產(chǎn)品，其數(shù)量占全美第一位。

　　自從美國國家航空太空總署NASA在近郊設(shè)置太空中心以來，休士頓正在繼續(xù)不斷地急速發(fā)展。

　　阿斯托洛圓頂運動場 Astrodome

　　耗資3，100萬美元，于1965年興建完成的這一運動場是目前世界上最大的一座室內(nèi)運動場，內(nèi)部裝有冷暖氣設(shè)備。棒球、足球、騫馬，以至于馬戲團表演，都可以在室內(nèi)進行。緊鄰的Astro World是一個規(guī)模極大的娛樂中心，游客可以觀賞歐洲各種村落的景色，也能夠欣賞各類表演。

　　圣哈新托古戰(zhàn)場 San Jacinto Battle field

　　1836年，休士頓將軍為了爭取德州獨立，率軍與墨軍激戰(zhàn)的地方?，F(xiàn)在已成為州立公園，紀念塔高達174公尺，可乘電梯登上塔項。塔下是歷史博物館。距休士頓市約26公里。

　　美國航空太空總署太空飛行中心 NASA Manned Spacecraft

　　因阿波羅11號在此升空而全球聞名。美國國家航空太空總署NASA于1961年設(shè)立于休士頓東南方45公里處的克利阿湖畔。附近有General Electric 和International Business Machines等重要的電子工業(yè)企業(yè)，是名符其實的航空太空科學中心。

　　展覽館Exhibit Hall的一號館中，陳列著太空飛行員使用的器具、太空食物、太空船模型、月球上采集的巖石，對一般觀光客公開。

　　太空飛行中心內(nèi)部極為遼闊，可在進入中心的問訊處索取地圖，備作參考。太空中心內(nèi)也有禮品店，出售太空船模型、月球石頭模型，以及阿波羅帽等。

　　托?？荚囬喿x材料專題訓練

【Introduction】

　　根據(jù)一份今在「英國醫(yī)學雜志」刊出的報告指出，母乳雖然含有豐富營養(yǎng)，但長期吃母奶無助於降低幼兒罹患氣喘和過敏癥狀風險。

【Section One】Article

　　The benefits of breast-feeding are many and varied. Studies suggest that breast-fed kids are smarter, taller, thinner, healthier and less stressed than babies on bottles. Plus, breast-feeding helps moms bond with their babies and may even lower their blood pressure. So, is there anything breast milk can‘t do? Apparently, yes, according to a new study published Tuesday by BMJ Online: It doesn‘t offer infants much defense against asthma or allergies.

　　That‘s a question researchers have long debated. Until now, the evidence has been mixed: Some studies have suggested that exclusive, prolonged breast-feeding helps stave off asthma and allergies later in life; other studies have shown no protection, or even an increased risk. But most of the available data has come from observational studies. The new BMJ paper, in contrast, was a large, long-term randomized trial that involved more than 17,000 breast-feeding women and babies, 13,889 of whom were tracked until age 6 1/2. Researchers recruited the moms in maternity hospitals and clinics in Belarus. About half of them — those who had already begun breast-feeding — were encouraged to continue breast-feeding exclusively; the control group got no such extra urging.

　　Researchers report that women in the intervention group breast-fed significantly longer than women in the control group: at three months, 73% of the intervention group was breast-feeding, compared with 60% of the control group, and the number of women breast-feeding exclusively was seven times higher. By a year after birth, rates of breast-feeding had dropped across the board; but still, 20% of the intervention group was breast-feeding versus 11% of the controls.

　　In general, about 10% of the children had ever suffered wheezing in their lives, though less than 1.5% had had full-blown asthma. Roughly 3% to 5% had had hay fever, and about 1% had suffered bouts of eczema. Researchers also performed skin-prick tests on the children; again, there was no significant difference between incidence of allergy — to dust mites, cats, pollen, grass and Alternaria, a common fungus — between the groups. In the breast-fed group, about 9% were allergic to pollen and Alternaria, 12% to cats and grass and 15% to dust mites. Absolute rates of all allergies were slightly lower in the control group, but the variations weren‘t statistically relevant.

　　The BMJ study is “to our knowledge.. the largest randomized trial ever done in the area of human lactation,” write the study‘s authors. But it‘s not likely to be the last. Science will continue to debate the discrete pros and cons of breast-feeding, but doctors unanimously agree that breast, in general, is best for babies‘ health, growth and development. Mothers should breast-feed newborns for at least 12 months — and exclusively for at least 6 months — according to American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines.

【Section Two】Vocabulary

　　Limiting or limited to possession, control, or use by a single individual or group

　　extend the duration of.

　　To fend off, to ward off

　　enlist (someone) in the armed forces.

　　The period during pregnancy and shortly after childbirth

　　Action taken to improve a medical disorder.

　　So as to include or affect all classes or categories

　　To maintain contact with (a person) so as to monitor the effects of earlier activities or treatments

　　A set of printed questions, usually with a choice of answers, devised for a survey or statistical study.

　　10. wheeze

　　Breathe with a whistling or rattling sound in the chest, as a result of obstruction in the air passages. (of a device) make an irregular rattling or spluttering sound.

　　Possessing or exhibiting all the usual or necessary features or symptoms

　　12. bout

　　A short period of intense activity.

　　13. eczema

　　A medical condition in which patches of skin become rough and inflamed with blisters which cause itching and bleeding.

　　14. prick

　　Press briefly or puncture with a sharp point.

　　15. mite

　　A minute arachnid with four pairs of legs, several kinds of which are parasitic.

　　16. pollen

　　A powdery substance discharged from the male part of a flower, each microscopic grain containing a male gamete that can fertilize the female ovule.

　　Is a genus of ascomycete fungi. Alternaria species are known as major plant pathogens. They are also common allergens in humans, growing indoors and causing hay fever or hypersensitivity reactions that sometimes lead to asthma. They readily cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised people such as AIDS patients.

　　18. fungus

　　Any of a large group of spore-producing organisms which feed on organic matter and include moulds, yeast, mushrooms, and toadstools.

　　A disadvantage of or argument against something.

　　fully in agreement.

　　A branch of medicine dealing with the development, care, and diseases of children

　　The secretion of milk by the mammary glands.

　　An acute allergic reaction to pollen that is usually seasonal and is marked by sneezing, nasal discharge and congestion, and itching and watering of the eyes

【Section Three】Homework

　　1. Please translate the blue sentence into Chinese.

　　When the infants were about 6 1/2 years old, researchers followed up with standard questionnaires about asthma, hay fever and eczema. Rates of each condition were similar in both groups.

　　2. What is the main idear of this Article?

　　3. What is the main reason that the author is confident with the conclusion of the study?

　　4. Which word is the “best” synonym of “recruit” here ?

　　A. recover B. renovate C. refresh D. draft E. enroll

　　5. Which kinds of allergies are described in the article?

　　參考答案：

　　1. 當小嬰兒六歲半時，研究員以一致的問卷來追蹤哮喘、花粉病和濕疹。兩組各項過敏的比例都很接近。

　　2. Although breast-feeding has many advantages, it doesn‘t offer infants much defense against asthma or allergies.

　　3. The conclusion is drawn from the largest randomized trial ever done in the area of human lactation.

　　4. E

　　5. asthma, hay fever and eczema