下面是范文網(wǎng)小編分享的雅思閱讀的精讀訓(xùn)練共7篇 適合精讀的雅思閱讀文章，供大家參考。

雅思閱讀的精讀訓(xùn)練共1

　　雅思閱讀精讀別樣解讀 多精才算精?

　　雅思考試任一科目拿高分都絕非易事，靠的不只是答題技巧，更需要有扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。對于雅思閱讀來說，劍4-12刷2篇也不能保證你拿高分，但是如果在刷題之外，再認(rèn)認(rèn)真真精讀10-20篇閱讀文章則高分則十拿九穩(wěn)。

　　首先怎么界定你的閱讀是否夠“精“呢?一個(gè)簡單的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是，你學(xué)得越累，學(xué)習(xí)的效果就越好。很扎心吧，但是這個(gè)衡量方式很有道理。你學(xué)得累，證明你調(diào)動(dòng)的認(rèn)知資源更多，花費(fèi)的精力更多，專注度更高，因此學(xué)習(xí)效果自然更好。比如一篇文章，浮光掠影的大致泛讀與逐句翻譯相比，當(dāng)然是翻譯在時(shí)間精力上的花費(fèi)更大。

　　泛讀的時(shí)候很多寶寶感覺已經(jīng)讀懂了文章大致，但是在逐句分析、精讀、甚至背誦的時(shí)候，你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)詞匯的用法，句子成分的分析，甚至是上下文背景的交代等細(xì)節(jié)，你還存在大量無法全面理解的知識點(diǎn)。這也體現(xiàn)出了精讀的重要性。

　　精讀的方向主要有兩個(gè)，第一個(gè)是reading for learning，也就是說通過精讀而讓你的英語變得更好，這也是大多數(shù)寶寶在學(xué)英語中經(jīng)歷的環(huán)節(jié)。第二個(gè)方向是learning for reading, 也就是學(xué)習(xí)如何進(jìn)行閱讀，更多的是學(xué)習(xí)一些閱讀方式以及技巧。這兩種最常見的閱讀方向分別如何進(jìn)行精讀呢?

　　雅思閱讀精讀方法之reading for learning

　　先說大家最熟悉的環(huán)節(jié)。雅思閱讀的精讀步驟是什么?首先，嚴(yán)格按照考試要求和時(shí)間把題目做完。也就是說，你可以20分鐘做完一篇文章的題目，也可以用1小時(shí)把三篇題目一氣呵成。做完之后當(dāng)然要對一對答案，把錯(cuò)誤標(biāo)注出來。

　　第二步，開始對文本進(jìn)行研讀。研讀過程中完成兩件事：第一，整理文章出現(xiàn)的核心詞匯與話題詞匯(尤其是你經(jīng)常見到但是還不認(rèn)識的);第二，對照中文翻譯文本進(jìn)行逐句研讀。方法是：先看一遍英文，腦子里過一下這句英文該怎么翻譯;然后去看正確的中文翻譯，檢視一下你的翻譯與正確翻譯有多大出處;最后再看一遍英文原句，理順一下句子成分。當(dāng)你完成整篇文章的逐句研讀后，你對文章的細(xì)節(jié)理解應(yīng)該已經(jīng)非常透徹了。當(dāng)然如果你還有余力，你可以分析一下句間關(guān)系和段間關(guān)系，句子之間與段落之間的銜接方法。

　　第三步，分析題目。當(dāng)你完整把握了全文細(xì)節(jié)以及結(jié)構(gòu)之后，在仔細(xì)研究每道題的出處考點(diǎn)以及設(shè)問方式。當(dāng)然你也可以借助很多雅思參考書中的提干解析。

　　第四步，也是最重要的一個(gè)步驟，英譯漢逐句翻譯。在文章中挑選3-5段你認(rèn)為理解困難度最高的段落進(jìn)行“落筆逐句翻譯”。不管你是寫在紙上還是打在word里，這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)都一定不能省略。你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，即使你已經(jīng)對著翻譯文本逐句進(jìn)行精讀了，你在逐詞落筆翻譯中依然會(huì)對這句話的用詞、句式、成分以及整個(gè)段落構(gòu)成有新的認(rèn)識。

　　第五步，不是必須要求，但是卻能夠快速拔升你的閱讀乃至整個(gè)英語能力：背誦段落。選取你落筆翻譯過的難段進(jìn)行背誦，注意背誦的目的不是為了把他們用在寫作或者口語考試?yán)?，否則難度太大，也會(huì)顯得很突兀。背誦過程最重要培養(yǎng)的是你的英語思維能力。

　　以上就是reading for learning精讀方式的5大步驟，總結(jié)起來就是做題目對答案——對照譯文逐句精讀——分析題目與答案——選段落筆翻譯——選段背誦。

　　雅思閱讀精讀方法之learning for reading

　　learning for reading方向的精讀方法，更加針對于閱讀能力的集中提升，而非整個(gè)的語言能力。方法很簡單。首先拿到一篇文章，先看它的題目，然后來個(gè)prediction，自己分析行文中可能會(huì)包括哪些內(nèi)容。

　　舉個(gè)栗子，一篇名為Jonsson’s dictionary 的文章，你盡量全面的猜測文章中會(huì)涉及到哪些內(nèi)容。比如對Jonsson這個(gè)人的介紹，背景、學(xué)歷、身份等，對dictionary的介紹，比如什么時(shí)候出版的，有什么特點(diǎn)，作者是誰，等等。

　　羅列出你的預(yù)測內(nèi)容點(diǎn)之后再閱讀文章，同時(shí)判斷你的預(yù)測哪些在文中提到了，哪些是not given。所有你預(yù)測成功的內(nèi)容，試著做一下段落matching，也就是說這些預(yù)測內(nèi)容分別出現(xiàn)在文中的哪幾段。最后有余力的寶寶們可以試試自己做一個(gè)summary，進(jìn)行一下句子的改寫。怎么改寫?直接看學(xué)姐發(fā)給大家的雅思同義替換詞學(xué)學(xué)套路。

　　大家發(fā)現(xiàn)了嗎，這一系列的流程結(jié)束后，雅思閱讀中的高頻題型能力你都得到了提升。這也就是所謂的learning for reading。

　　精讀也許很耗時(shí)，但是效果卻很顯著。學(xué)姐強(qiáng)烈建議備考的寶寶用心試一個(gè)月，你會(huì)看到很明顯的閱讀能力的提升。還等什么，動(dòng)起來!

　　家?guī)淼摹堆潘奸喿x精讀別樣解讀 多精才算精?》的全部內(nèi)容。想讓自己的復(fù)習(xí)過程高效科學(xué)，讓自己的考試從容優(yōu)雅，答題速度快成閃電，正確率高過喜馬拉雅，請持續(xù)關(guān)注小站雅思頻道。祝與雅思一戰(zhàn)即分道揚(yáng)鑣。

　　雅思閱讀素材積累：Game lessons

　　It sounds like a cop-out, but the future of schooling may lie with video games

　　SINCE the beginning of mass education, schools have relied on what is known in educational circles as ”chalk and talk“. Chalk and blackboard may sometimes be replaced by felt-tip pens and a whiteboard, and electronics in the form of computers may sometimes be bolted on, but the idea of a pedagogue leading his pupils more or less willingly through a day based on periods of study of recognisable academic disciplines, such as mathematics, physics, history, geography and whatever the local language happens to be, has rarely been abandoned.

　　Abandoning it, though, is what Katie Salen hopes to do. Ms Salen is a games designer and a professor of design and technology at Parsons The New School for Design, in New York. She is also the moving spirit behind Quest to Learn, a new, taxpayer-funded school in that city which is about to open its doors to pupils who will never suffer the indignity of snoring through double French but will, rather, spend their entire days playing games.

　　Quest to Learn draws on many roots. One is the research of James Gee of the University of Wisconsin. In Dr Gee published a book called ”What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy“, in which he argued that playing such games helps people develop a sense of identity, grasp meaning, learn to follow commands and even pick role models. Another is the MacArthur Foundation's digital media and learning initiative, which began in and which has acted as a test-bed for some of Ms Salen's ideas about educational-games design. A third is the success of the Bank Street School for Children, an independent primary school in New York that practises what its parent, the nearby Bank Street College of Education, preaches in the way of interdisciplinary teaching methods and the encouragement of pupil collaboration.

　　Ms Salen is, in effect, seeking to mechanise Bank Street's methods by transferring much of the pedagogic effort from the teachers themselves (who will now act in an advisory role) to a set of video games that she and her colleagues have devised. Instead of chalk and talk, children learn by doing—and do so in a way that tears up the usual subject-based curriculum altogether.

　　Periods of maths, science, history and so on are no more. Quest to Learn's school day will, rather, be divided into four 90-minute blocks devoted to the study of ”domains“. Such domains include Codeworlds (a combination of mathematics and English), Being, Space and Place (English and social studies), The Way Things Work (maths and science) and Sports for the Mind (game design and digital literacy). Each domain concludes with a two-week examination called a ”Boss Level“—a common phrase in video-game parlance.

　　Freeing the helots

　　In one of the units of Being, Space and Place, for example, pupils take on the role of an ancient Spartan who has to assess Athenian strengths and recommend a course of action. In doing so, they learn bits of history, geography and public policy. In a unit of The Way Things Work, they try to inhabit the minds of scientists devising a pathway for a beam of light to reach a target. This lesson touches on maths, optics—and, the organisers hope, creative thinking and teamwork. Another Way-Things-Work unit asks pupils to imagine they are pyramid-builders in ancient Egypt. This means learning about maths and engineering, and something about the country's religion and geography.

　　Whether things will work the way Ms Salen hopes will, itself, take a few years to find out. The school plans to admit pupils at the age of 12 and keep them until they are 18, so the first batch will not leave until 2016. If it fails, traditionalists will no doubt scoff at the idea that teaching through playing games was ever seriously entertained. If it succeeds, though, it will provide a model that could make chalk and talk redundant. And it will have shown that in education, as in other fields of activity, it is not enough just to apply new technologies to existing processes—for maximum effect you have to apply them in new and imaginative ways.

　　雅思閱讀素材積累：The screw tightens

　　ONE can almost hear the gates clanging: one after the other the sources of funding for Europe's banks are being shut. It is a result of the highly visible run on Europe's government bond markets, which today reached the heart of the euro zone: an auction of new German bonds failed to generate enough demand for the full amount, causing a drop in bond prices (and prompting the Bundesbank to buy 39% of the bonds offered, according to Reuters).

　　Now another run—more hidden, but potentially more dangerous—is taking place: on the continents' banks. People are not yet queuing up in front of bank branches (except in Latvia's capital Riga where savers today were trying to withdraw money from Krajbanka, a mid-sized bank, pictured). But billions of euros are flooding out of Europe's banking system through bond and money markets.

　　At best, the result may be a credit crunch that leaves businesses unable to get loans and invest. At worst, some banks may fail—and trigger real bank runs in countries whose shaky public finances have left them ill equipped to prop up their financial institutions.

　　To make loans, banks need funding. For this, they mainly tap into three sources: long-term bonds, deposits from consumers, and short-term loans from money markets as well as other banks. Bond issues and short-term funding have been seizing up as the panic over government bonds has spread to banks (which themselves are large holders of government bonds). This blockage has been made worse by tighter capital regulations that are encouraging banks to cut lending (instead of raising capital).

　　Markets for bank bonds were the first to freeze. In the third quarter bonds issues by European banks only reached 15% of the amount they raised over the same period in the past two years, reckon analysts at Citi Group. It is unlikely that European banks have sold many more bonds since.

　　Short-term funding markets were next to dry up. Hardest hit were European banks that need dollars to finance world trade (more than one third of which is funded by European banks, according to Barclays). American money market funds, in particular, have pulled back from Europe. Loans to French banks have plunged 69% since the end of May and nearly 20% over the past month alone, according to Fitch, a ratings agency. Over the past six months, it reckons, American money market funds have pulled 42% of their money out of European banks. European money market funds, too, continue to reduce their exposure to France, Italy and Spain, according to the latest numbers from Fitch.

　　Interbank markets, in which banks lend to one another, are now also showing signs of severe strain. Banks based in London are paying the highest rate on three month loans since (compared with a risk-free rate). Banks are also depositing cash with the ECB for a paltry, but risk-free rate instead of making loans.

　　That leaves retail and commercial deposits, and even these may have begun to slip away. ”We are starting to witness signs that corporates are withdrawing deposits from banks in Spain, Italy, France and Belgium,“ an anlayst at Citi Group wrote in a recent report. ”This is a worrying development.“

　　With funding ever harder to come by, banks are resorting to the financial industry's equivalent of a pawn broker: parking assets on repo markets or at the central bank to get cash. ”We have no alternative to deposits and the ECB,“ says a senior executive at one European bank.

　　So far the liquidity of the European Central Bank (ECB) has kept the system alive. Only one large European bank, Dexia, has collapsed because of a funding shortage. Yet what happens if banks run out of collateral to borrow against? Some already seem to scrape the barrel. The boss of UniCredit, an Italian bank, has reportedly asked the ECB to accept a broader range of collateral. And an increasing number of banks are said to conduct what is known as ”liquidity swaps“: banks borrow an asset that the ECB accepts as collateral from an insurer or a hedge fund in return for an ineligible asset—plus, of course, a hefty fee.

　　The risk of all this is two-fold. For one, banks could stop supplying credit. To some extent, this is already happening. Earlier this week Austria's central bank instructed the country's banks to limit cross-border lending. And some European banks are not just selling foreign assets to meet capital requirements, but have withdrawn entirely from some markets, such as trade finance and aircraft leasing.

　　Secondly and more dangerously, as banks are pushed ever closer to their funding limits, one or more may fail—sparking a wider panic. Most bankers think that the ECB would not allow a large bank to fail. But the collapse of Dexia in October after it ran out of cash suggests that the ECB may not provide unlimited liquidity. The falling domino could also be a ”shadow“ bank that cannot borrow from the ECB.

　　Europe's leaders are certainly aware of the dangers—and are working on solutions. But it would not be the first time that their efforts are overtaken by events.

雅思閱讀的精讀訓(xùn)練共2

　　雅思閱讀題源精讀

　　今天克里老師專門挑選了和雅思閱讀考試篇章非常貼合的一篇文章，并且也是雅思閱讀選取文章重要來源之一的有名外刊--‘The Economist’，并且找到了其中一篇關(guān)于人工智能(artificial intelligence)的文章節(jié)選，來進(jìn)行解析和學(xué)習(xí)。

　　接下來這段話，主要講了作者結(jié)合實(shí)際情況，表達(dá)了自己對AI的看法：

　　The thing to remember about the next decade is that current AI can't even read; it also can't reason.

(對于AI技術(shù)下一個(gè)十年的發(fā)展，我們可以確定的是，現(xiàn)階段的AI技術(shù)，依然還是不能夠進(jìn)行有效的閱讀和推理)

　　Four years ago, machine-learning pioneer Geoffrey Hinton said that radiologists would lose their jobs in five or ten years; radiologists got really scared, a lot of people stopped studying radiology.

(四年前，人工智能行業(yè)內(nèi)的先驅(qū)GH說過，放射科醫(yī)生會(huì)在五到十年內(nèi)失去他們的工作，這使得很多從事相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的人感到擔(dān)憂，也導(dǎo)致很多人停止了對放射學(xué)的研究和學(xué)習(xí))

　　So far? Not one radiologist has actually been replaced.

(但是到現(xiàn)在為止，沒有一個(gè)放射科醫(yī)生被人工智能所替代)

　　Radiology isn't just about looking at images

(因?yàn)榉派鋵W(xué)不僅僅只是關(guān)于看圖像這么簡單),

　　It's also about reading (patient histories) and reasoning (about how to put words and images together) and machines can't yet do that reliably.

(它還包括了閱讀和處理信息的能力，這主要體現(xiàn)在研究和了解研究病人的過往病史，以及如何利用推理能力將圖像信息成功的用文字表達(dá)出來，然而，現(xiàn)在的人工智能機(jī)器并不能有效地做到這個(gè)程度)

　　What we have now are our new tools that can help radiologists, not radiologists-in-a-box.

(所以，我們現(xiàn)在能看到的，是放射科醫(yī)生利用更多先進(jìn)和新發(fā)明出來的儀器工具來輔助自己完成工作，而不是一個(gè)機(jī)器的人工智能醫(yī)生)

　　從這段話來看，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了很多雅思閱讀中常見的一些考法：

　　首先，一詞多義

　　原文中使用了reason這個(gè)詞，它可以表達(dá)原因，指因果關(guān)系，也可以作動(dòng)詞，表達(dá)推理的過程，可見一詞多義本來就是我們在閱讀中需要掌握的能力。雅思閱讀真題中，就會(huì)經(jīng)常到考多義詞，比如說universal可以表達(dá)宇宙的，也可以指普遍的，通用的。

　　其次，高頻考點(diǎn)詞

　　考試中出現(xiàn)過的很多高頻考點(diǎn)詞，也在該段話中出現(xiàn)，比如說 replace，該詞的意思為替代，在閱讀的真題當(dāng)中，曾經(jīng)有考過多次關(guān)于這個(gè)詞的替換，比如說，something can’t be replaced, 被替換成了something is not a substitute。所以在學(xué)習(xí)的過程中，克里老師推薦大家，一定要去累積、總結(jié)以及掌握一些高頻的考點(diǎn)詞，了解考點(diǎn)詞在考試中的考法和規(guī)則，這樣做題的過程中可以更加的高效，也讓學(xué)習(xí)的過程更輕松。

　　雅思閱讀考試技巧：分類題

　　分類題(Categorizing)

§ 在分類題中，一般有三個(gè)類別(我們可以稱之為甲、乙、丙)以及一些項(xiàng)目，要求是將這些項(xiàng)目分別歸入這三個(gè)類別之中。在文章中，一般會(huì)講述兩種不同的事物，我們姑且稱它們?yōu)锳和B. 類別甲中歸入與A類事物有關(guān)的項(xiàng)目，類別乙中歸入與B類事物有關(guān)的項(xiàng)目，而類別丙中歸入與A和B都有關(guān)的項(xiàng)目。

§ 在文章中，作者會(huì)對A和B 兩類事物進(jìn)行分別探討和互相比較，因此我們在閱讀時(shí)就必須注意作者在談?wù)摵捅容^A和B 的時(shí)候是否提到這些項(xiàng)目，并把這些項(xiàng)目歸入到適當(dāng)?shù)念悇e中去。一般來說，作者會(huì)在不同的段落中講述A和B 兩類事物，不過有時(shí)A和B 會(huì)在同一段落中被提到，因?yàn)樽髡咭阉鼈冏饕粋€(gè)詳細(xì)的比較。

　　T: Desktop publishing

　　3 The first stage in the old method of preparing INFO was the gathering together of all text, photographs and graphics which would make up the bulk of the magazine. The next step was marking the text for the printer---a rather laborious, and occasionally hit-and-miss affair! In essence, this meant judging the approximate length of the articles and choosing appropriate print sizes and styles (fonts). The appropriately marked pages were then sent to the printer for type-setting. The end-product of this type-setting phase is called a galley and takes the form of continuous columns on long sheets of paper.

　　4 At this stage the fun begins! All the columns of text have to be cut and manually pasted onto sheets of paper marked out in columns, to give the layout for each page of the magazine. If one had misjudged the length of text at the type-setting phase, then screams of agony would mingle the pervading smell of glue in the editorial offices as a very stressed editor wrangles bits of text and photographs. The flexibility of this old system was very limited, page layout was largely pre-determined and type-setting errors meant long and time-consuming proof-reading, both at the galley stage and at the final page proof stage. An additional problem with the old method is the length of time between the copy date (stage 1) and the publication of the magazine (about six weeks for INFO).

　　5 Desktop publishing made our life a lot easier. Now with our new system, we first type the text of the article on an ordinary word-processing package (MultiMate Advantage II is used but any other package is usable) or we ask our contributors to send us their article on a disk, typed with almost any word processor on an IBM or compatible PC computer. The second stage is to design the page frame, i.e. size, number of columns and margins. We then place the text in the page with an easy command called “Autoflow”.

　　6 The third stage is the design of the layout: placing illustrations and choosing the most suitable typeface. At the last stage, we print the articles on the laser printer and pass them on to colleagues to be proof-read. After making all corrections, the files containing our next INFO are copied on to a disk and sent to our printers for publication.

　　Q: Below are headings showing the sages involved in printing any document. According to the

　　Information in the passage:

　　Write T if the stage is necessary in traditional printing;

　　Write D if the stage is necessary with desktop publishing;

　　Write TD if the stage is necessary in both methods.

　　I1 gathering input

　　I2 designing page frame

　　I3 marking text

　　I4 type-setting

　　I5 page design

　　I6 cutting and pasting

　　I7 proof-reading

　　解題：這里選取的是文章的第三到第六段，其中三、四兩段談?wù)搕raditional printing(T)，而五、六兩段探討desktop publishing(D)。在traditional printing中，首先是the gathering together of all text, photographs and graphics，其次是marking the text for theprinter，再其次then sent to the printer for type-setting，然后是have to be cut and manually pasted onto sheets of paper marked out in columns, to give the layout for each page of the magazine，最后是long and time-consuming proof-reading;而在desktop publishing中，首先是ask our contributors to send us their article on a disk，其次是design the page frame，然后是the design of the layout，最后we print the articles on the laser printer and pass them on to colleagues to be proof-read. 根據(jù)這些列出的兩種印刷方法的各個(gè)步驟，我們可以準(zhǔn)確地將上述的項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行歸類：I1 gathering input --- TD;I2 designing page frame --- D;I3 marking text --- T;I4 type-setting --- T;I5 page design --- TD;I6 cutting and pasting --- T;I7 proof-reading --- TD.

　　雅思閱讀考試技巧：問答題答題步驟

　　回答問題(short-answer question tasks)

　　回答問題是根據(jù)所給文章或圖表回答問題。在IELTS閱讀測試中通常是用下列單詞提問：. what、which、when、where、who、whose、whom、why、 how 等。除了利用上述單詞進(jìn)行提問外，有時(shí)會(huì)在答題指引中將所提問題列出。

　　回答問題答題步驟：

　　1. 仔細(xì)查看答題指引，了解回答何種問題。

　　2. 查看例句，確定答題方式。

　　3. 要確定問句的種類，一般疑問句可按正常形式回答(例如：yes/no)，如果是選擇疑問句或者是以wh/how開頭的問句就一定要具體回答

　　4. 仔細(xì)理解問句所提問題。

　　5. 特別要注意問句中所提問題的關(guān)鍵詞語(例如：單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù))，以及問句中表明數(shù)量、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)的詞語。

　　6. 將問句中的關(guān)鍵詞語與文章中相關(guān)句子中的詞語進(jìn)行匹配。

　　7. 確定問句與文章中相關(guān)句子含義是否一致，得出答案。

雅思閱讀的精讀訓(xùn)練共3

　　如何通過精讀提升雅思閱讀能力

　　在課堂教學(xué)中，常有學(xué)生問到這樣一個(gè)問題：“老師，雅思閱讀的文章到底要不要精讀?畢竟我在正式考試的時(shí)候只有一個(gè)小時(shí)啊!”回答這個(gè)問題時(shí)，我們需要理清楚兩件事：一是正式考試過程中，是沒必要也沒時(shí)間做到全篇精讀所有文章的;二是在考前復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)，精讀是我們提升整體閱讀能力，以及最終取得理想分?jǐn)?shù)的重要方法。提起雅思閱讀，不少學(xué)生都覺得，只有六十分鐘的時(shí)間，做完題目都很緊張，哪兒還有時(shí)間去仔細(xì)推敲理解?因此他們認(rèn)為雅思閱讀文章完全沒必要做精讀，反正也考不到原文原題。然而實(shí)際上我們平時(shí)給學(xué)生的練習(xí)基本來源于劍橋雅思官方出的真題集，其文章難度、詞匯量、出題方式等，都跟考場上的真題幾乎完全一致，只要真正掌握好真題集上練習(xí)的“套路”，吃透考試的考查點(diǎn)，想要取得高分就絕非難事。

　　那么又有學(xué)生要說了：“那好吧，我會(huì)去好好精讀的。不過把全文都翻譯一遍真的好累啊!”不知是什么原因，不少學(xué)生都認(rèn)為精讀文章等于翻譯全文，對于到底如何進(jìn)行精讀，哪些問題需要通過精讀解決，通過精讀能在哪些方面獲得提高卻并不清楚。接下來，朗閣海外考試研究中心的老師將嘗試結(jié)合課堂教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，探討一下究竟如何通過精讀來提升雅思閱讀能力。

　　首先，精讀安排在什么時(shí)候比較合適?劍橋雅思真題集是非常寶貴的備考材料，學(xué)生最好是在限時(shí)完成題目之后，再進(jìn)行精讀作為回顧復(fù)習(xí)。正如上文提到的那樣，真正的考試是有時(shí)間限制的，而精讀是備考過程中的一個(gè)方法，并不適用于實(shí)戰(zhàn)，所以也不建議學(xué)生第一次遇到新文章就做精讀。最佳方法是掐著時(shí)間迅速完成題目，發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在解題中遇到哪些問題，然后再通過精讀進(jìn)行整理和改正。

　　另外，精讀一定要以雅思考試的重點(diǎn)和學(xué)生遇到的問題為核心。雅思閱讀的考查點(diǎn)，無非就是信息查找和同義替換。閱讀考試雖然題型眾多，但重點(diǎn)非常明確。所以在備考過程中，指導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行精讀也要以考試的重點(diǎn)為重點(diǎn)——整理各道考題在文章中的對應(yīng)原句和各題涉及的同義替換(包括詞性轉(zhuǎn)換、同義詞替換、句式轉(zhuǎn)換等)。另外，學(xué)生在閱讀雅思文章的過程中，遇到的問題主要有兩類是可以通過精讀解決的，一是單詞不認(rèn)識，二是句子讀不懂。那么在備考時(shí)，學(xué)生進(jìn)行的精讀練習(xí)也要把這兩點(diǎn)作為重點(diǎn)——整理文章中和題目中不熟悉的詞和理解有困難的句子。最后，對于本身閱讀能力就不錯(cuò)的學(xué)生，如果前兩類的整理對他們來講幾乎沒有難度，那么就可以嘗試梳理文章結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯，從而以更宏觀的角度進(jìn)行理解，也為自己以后在英語寫作方面積累素材。

　　下面，就以劍11Test4 Passage3 “This Marvellous Invention”為例，具體示范一下如何進(jìn)行精讀。

　　本文標(biāo)題中的marvellous invention指的是語言這個(gè)神奇的發(fā)明，文章內(nèi)容比較抽象，課堂練習(xí)中也有不少學(xué)生感到理解困難。涉及的題型有段落標(biāo)題(List of headings)、選詞填空(Summary)和是非無判斷(YES/NO/NOT GIVEN)。學(xué)生應(yīng)先用十八分鐘左右完成這些題目，然后在接下來的精讀中，學(xué)生需要整理的包括：

　　一、各道題目在原文中對應(yīng)的同義替換方式;

　　二、不熟悉的詞匯短語以及話題類型詞匯;

　　三、閱讀中理解有障礙的句子，尤其是復(fù)雜長句;

　　四、文章的大意和組織架構(gòu)。

　　一、各道題目在原文中對應(yīng)的同義替換方式

　　這是整個(gè)精讀步驟中的重中之重。以第二大題選詞類摘要填空為例，雖然這道大題在實(shí)戰(zhàn)中可以建議基礎(chǔ)尚可的學(xué)生直接跳過原文來做——這樣實(shí)際上更加高效，但我們完成題目后仍然要整理其中的同義替換內(nèi)容。

　　33、34題：The wheel is one invention that has a major impact on ______ aspects of life, but no impact has been as _____ as that of language.

　　答案為E. material和G. fundamental。

　　根據(jù)wheel定位回到原文可以找到A段開頭部分：Of all mankind’s manifold creations, language must take pride of place. Other inventions -the wheel, agriculture, sliced bread - may have transformed our material existence, but the advent of language is what made us human. Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance, since everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it.

　　因此，33題這里life和existence形成同義替換，material原詞重現(xiàn);34題定位稍難，compared to和as...as...都表示比較關(guān)系，everything...depends on language and originates from it表示fundamental。

　　二、不熟悉的詞匯短語以及話題類型詞匯

　　三、閱讀中理解有障礙的句子，尤其是復(fù)雜長句

　　這兩個(gè)步驟可以合并進(jìn)行，一邊整理詞匯一邊梳理句子。以文章B段部分為例：

　　But language is foremost not just because it came first. In its own right it is a tool ofextraordinary sophistication, yet based on an idea of ingenious simplicity:“this marvellous invention of composing out of twenty-five or thirty sounds that infinite variety of expressions which, whilst having in themselves no likeness to what is in our mind, allow us to disclose to others its whole secret, and to make known to those who cannot penetrate it all that we imagine, and all the various stirrings of our soul”. This was how, in 1660, the renowned French grammarians of the Port-Royal abbey near Versailles distilledthe essence of language, and no one since has celebratedmore eloquently the magnitude of its achievement.

　　這些句子乍看十分復(fù)雜，甚至佶屈聱牙。先查詞匯，例如：

　　Foremost 最重要的(聯(lián)想其他表示重要的詞，如vital, paramount, crucial…)

　　Sophistication 精密，復(fù)雜(和simplicity是反義詞)

　　celebrate 在這里表示贊美、贊頌(常用義為慶祝)

　　distill 提煉，提取精華

　　Eloquently 雄辯地，傳神地

　　Magnitude 重大，重要性(同義詞：significance, weight, gravity…)

　　再看句子。第二句話中in its own right表示憑借自身的資格或努力，冒號前面的部分就是句子的主干——揭示了語言看似不能兼容的兩個(gè)特性：本身十分精密復(fù)雜，但從理念上看卻十分簡潔明了;引號里的部分其實(shí)都是在進(jìn)一步解釋說明，修飾部分極為繁復(fù)，this marvellous invention of其后的成分其實(shí)都是在層層修飾這是一個(gè)怎樣神奇的發(fā)明，首先是composing out of twenty-five or thirty sounds that infinite variety of expressions, 即由twenty-five or thirty sounds能夠compose出來that infinite variety of expressions; 接下來是which后面的部分，修飾前面的expressions, 說明這些expressions有什么用，句型是… allow us to…and to…, 這樣本句就不難理解了。

　　四、文章的大意和組織架構(gòu)

　　最后，如果學(xué)生們還學(xué)有余力，那么可以仔細(xì)研究一下文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，這樣解答閱讀中的段落標(biāo)題和段落信息匹配題型的時(shí)候就能有更好的理解。比如本文第一段總體介紹語言是一項(xiàng)最偉大的發(fā)明，接下來一一說明，B段開始引用語言學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)說明語言既復(fù)雜又簡潔，C段具體介紹簡單而無意義的語音如何組合成語言，從而表達(dá)出千萬種意義，D段從另一個(gè)角度，說明語言雖然復(fù)雜但是又簡單到人人都能自如運(yùn)用。最后兩段說到通過外語來感受到語言的精妙之處，E段說到一個(gè)詞可以表達(dá)一句話的意思，F(xiàn)段則說到連語言中不發(fā)音的現(xiàn)象都能表達(dá)意義。

　　雅思閱讀考試題目預(yù)測

　　文章題目 The power of music

　　重復(fù)年份 0109A 1212.

　　題材 藝術(shù)

　　題型 段落信息配對 5+填空 4+人名配對 4

　　文章大意 音樂對人的影響。講到了音樂的作用，與大腦的聯(lián)系，不同映月表達(dá)出來的

　　不同情緒對人類甚至動(dòng)物的影響，最后談到幾個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)，證明音樂的治療效果，以及音癡有救

　　參考閱讀：

　　Entertainment isn't the whole story

　　Here in the West, we think of music as entertainment, or an accompaniment to entertainment. Most of us can't remember life without phonograph records, cassette tapes or Compact Discs and the artists we all have listened to on them. The great majority of radio stations exist to play music, and there is hardly a minute on TV - other than news shows - that doesn't have theme music, background music or commercial music.

...

　　文章題目 Children and robots

　　重復(fù)年份 20160305 1002

　　題材 科技

　　題型 小標(biāo)題 5+配對 5+填空 3

　　文章大意 機(jī)器人對孩子學(xué)習(xí)的影響。主要講到把機(jī)器人放在學(xué)?？梢暂o助老師還有陪

　　學(xué)生玩，還可以讓它們擁有表情促進(jìn)交流，但是過度使用可能會(huì)造成倫理問題，此外還提到了幾個(gè)科學(xué)家和他們的觀點(diǎn)。

　　參考閱讀：

　　Robotics is making inroads into society, not only in factories and industry but also in homes and schools, where social robots are helping children cope better with conditions such as diabetes and autism.

　　A robot and child

　　Studies show that interaction with a robot can benefit children with certain medical conditions such as diabetes, as well as autism and other developmental disorders. (Image: ALIZ-E project.)

...

　　文章題目 British Woodlands

　　重復(fù)年份 20160430 0421

　　題材 自然環(huán)境

　　題型 段落細(xì)節(jié)配對 7+選詞填空 7

　　文章大意 講的是英國森林的演變利用和最后的管理，大致文章脈絡(luò)是在人類的入侵之

　　前英國的植被覆蓋情況，工業(yè)革命之后，人們對森林的掠奪從以燃燒原料和建筑材料為目的到了以工業(yè)發(fā)展為目的，后來人們意識到保護(hù)森林的重要，

　　開始投入人力物力進(jìn)行保護(hù)。

　　部分答案參考：

　　段落細(xì)節(jié)配對：

　　27 a description of careless working practices that harm woodland F

　　28 details of landscape prior to human intervention B

　　29 arguments against cash rewards H

　　30 a botanical source of evidence for the appearance of primitive woodland B

　　31 reasons for reduced economic importance of woodland E

　　32 a reason for recent improvements of woodland management G

　　33 an implication for people of unhealthy tree A

...

　　文章題目 Fish communications

　　重復(fù)年份 1203 20130713

　　題材 動(dòng)物

　　題型 判斷 6+填空 7

　　文章大意 講了魚類的交流，德國科學(xué)家在紅海發(fā)現(xiàn)紅色的魚，發(fā)現(xiàn)是激發(fā)熒光。魚用這個(gè)熒光來識別種群、標(biāo)識位置、嚇退敵人、掩蓋自己和捕捉獵物。

　　參考閱讀：

　　Fish Communication

　　can fish ”talk?“ And if they do, can other fish hear what they are saying?

　　The answer to both questions is yes, but fish ”talk“ and ”hear“ somewhat differently than humans. Although not extremely common, there are several species of fish that are able to produce sound to communicate with members of their own and other species. Most of the fish that produce sound do it at such low frequencies that divers cannot hear the noises. But several species do produce sound in the range that humans can hear. For example, grunts are able to produce sound by grinding their flat teeth together (hence the name grant!) The large Jewfish, Nassau and Black groupers are known to make very loud ”booms“ when startled or cornered. Jewfish have also been observed to make these loud sounds during courtship.

　　雅思閱讀考試小范圍預(yù)測

　　Unique golden textile 工業(yè)

　　題型 小標(biāo)題 6+人名配對 4+填空 3

　　文章大意 蜘蛛絲與紡織品。文章講述了 golden spider 是如何在體內(nèi)把 Liquid silk

　　轉(zhuǎn)化為 solid silk 的過程，文章中提到了一些科學(xué)家針對蜘蛛做的實(shí)驗(yàn)，如何提高 capacity。在結(jié)尾兩段講述了關(guān)于 spider silk 的醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)用及市場的積極前景。

　　參考答案：

　　I experiment of an old idea

　　Ii lifecycle of Madagascar spiders

　　Iii advances in textile industry

　　Iv resources to meet demands

　　v physical property of spider silk

　　vi scientific analysis spider silk

　　vii work of art

　　viii importance of silk textile

　　Ix difficult to raise spider in capacity

　　14. Paragraph Aviii

　　15. Paragraph B v

　　16. Paragraph Cix

　　17. Paragraph Di

　　18. Paragraph E iv

　　19. Paragraph F vii

　　文章題目 Solving an Arctic Mystery

　　題材 人文社科

　　題型 判斷 7+填空 6

　　文章大意

　　北極沉船。兩條執(zhí)行任務(wù)的船消失了，很多人試圖找到它們，但都失敗了，最后在 sonar 技術(shù)的支持下找到了。船上所有船員全部通過遇難的原因探究中發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們遺骸中很多都 lead 超標(biāo)，研究發(fā)現(xiàn) tin of food 及 inheritance 等因素均不是汽運(yùn)，造成中毒的原因是 water needed for engine。研究結(jié)果跟 inuit 人的口頭記錄溫和，證實(shí)了其可靠性。

　　參考答案：

　　填空：

　　8. geology

　　9. solar

　　10. tin

　　11. water

　　12. engine

　　13. stories

　　文章題目 Tick Tock Body clock

　　重復(fù)年份 20161013 20121013

　　題材 生物

　　題型 選擇 3+填空 6+判斷 5

　　文章大意 文章主要講解了生物鐘對植物、動(dòng)物和人的影響，并且通過大量的實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行論證。

　　參考答案：

　　選擇

　　27. De Mario 的實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康氖牵篊 證明 new information about plants

　　28. Chronobiology 主要 研究人體的生物機(jī)能

　　29. work shift 和 jet lag 主要為了證明：人體在非正常情況下做出的反應(yīng)。

　　填空

　　30. Exposure to sunshine

　　31. reaction

　　32. phenomenon

　　33. Rhythms

　　34. devices

　　35. need

　　判斷

　　36. YES: rejected

　　37. NG: it is widely accepted that…

　　38. NO

　　雅思閱讀考試題目預(yù)測

　　文章題目 Solving an Arctic Mystery

　　重復(fù)年份 20160521 20141025

　　題材 人文社科

　　題型 判斷 7+填空 6

　　文章大意 北極沉船。兩條執(zhí)行任務(wù)的船消失了，很多人試圖找到它們，但都失敗了，最后在 sonar 技術(shù)的支持下找到了。船上所有船員全部通過遇難的原因探究中發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們遺骸中很多都 lead 超標(biāo)，研究發(fā)現(xiàn) tin of food 及 inheritance 等因素均不是汽運(yùn)，造成中毒的原因是 water needed for engine。研究結(jié)果跟 inuit 人的口頭記錄溫和，證實(shí)了其可靠性。

　　參考答案：

　　判斷：

　　1. 很多人嘗試定位沒有成功 T

　　2. 這是 Inuit 人第一次跟定位沉船的專家合作 NG

　　填空：

　　8. geology

　　9. solar

　　10. tin

　　11. water

　　12. engine

　　13. stories

　　文章題目 An ancient city- Titris Hoyuk

　　重復(fù)年份 20161022 20130829

　　題材 考古

　　題型 段落信息配對 5，填空 6，多選 2

　　文章大意 本文主要介紹了 Titris Hoyuk 的城市規(guī)劃以及建筑特點(diǎn)

　　答案參考：

　　段落信息配對 5

　　14. An introduction of the equipment applied by the archaeologists to excavate

　　The site of itris. (D)

　　15. An explanation of the simple access to the research on the Titris city. (C)

　　16. An account of how agriculture communities turned into urban cities. (B)

　　17. An indication of the Titris people used the houses more than residential

　　Purpose. (F)

　　18. A mention of where loyal people lived. (A)

　　填空 6

　　19. In the centre of the residential building is a courtyard.

　　20. A doorway gives access to the house where Titris lived.

　　21. The number of cooking areas indicates that extended families lived in the

　　House.

　　22. Archaeologists thought oval basins which are part of the house are prepared

　　For treating raw materials.

　　23. The researchers believed that the people in Titris turned sheep's wool into fabric.

　　24. The Titris people have a tomb at home which is uncommon in present-day

　　Buildings.

雅思閱讀的精讀訓(xùn)練共4

　　雅思閱讀做“精讀”到底有沒有用?

　　精讀絕對有用，但是大多數(shù)小“烤鴨”們不是“精讀”，是“經(jīng)讀”—只把文中不認(rèn)識的單詞查出來，沒事經(jīng)常讀幾遍。這樣做是不行的，有效的精讀方法應(yīng)該是這樣的：

　　文章做完，劃出13道題所對應(yīng)的13個(gè)出題句，首先看下文章和題目里面的單詞是怎么替換的，不要老是先查中文，考試時(shí)需要的是英語對英語替換的敏感度，不是中文的機(jī)械翻譯，查中文解釋效率太低。其次看這13個(gè)出題句附近是否有在一些信號詞。最后看下出題句怎么斷句，能否懂大概，就行了。這樣精讀就完成了，記住，精讀不是為了騙自己，是要真的能提分，所以只有按照這3個(gè)手段做題才會(huì)更有效率。

　　雅思A類閱讀備考之如何做好雅思精讀訓(xùn)練

　　雅思精讀訓(xùn)練：詞匯及長難句整理

　　首先我們還是要對雅思閱讀詞匯進(jìn)行梳理，雅思閱讀詞匯量的要求一般在6000-8000，重在對詞匯的理解，注意一詞多義，同義詞替換。

　　當(dāng)然，最讓考生頭疼的就是考場上應(yīng)對長難句的問題，尤其是從句部分的內(nèi)容。精讀訓(xùn)練給足考生時(shí)間去分析文章中的長難句，包括句子結(jié)構(gòu)，語法及句子成分。

　　雅思精讀訓(xùn)練：總分段落

　　說明類文體的核心句一般是在段落首句，而之后的內(nèi)容主要是細(xì)節(jié)、舉例及數(shù)據(jù)分析等內(nèi)容，細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容都是圍繞核心觀點(diǎn)。一般來說，首句為概括性句子，陳述句形式。

　　雅思精讀訓(xùn)練：因果段落

　　當(dāng)然，也不是所有的文章段落首句都是核心觀點(diǎn)，部分段落會(huì)使用連接詞來表達(dá)關(guān)系，因果段落中較常出現(xiàn)的連接詞包括：therefore, as a result, because, thus, hence，這類關(guān)鍵詞后的內(nèi)容，通常會(huì)考到的閱讀題型包括：判斷題、多選題及填空題，主要考察的是考生對于文章細(xì)節(jié)的把握和邏輯推理能力。

　　雅思精讀訓(xùn)練：轉(zhuǎn)折段落

　　如果在段落中出現(xiàn)：however，but這類關(guān)鍵詞，通常文章的核心觀點(diǎn)在后半句，一般來說however前半句的內(nèi)容為前提條件、或預(yù)測等不確定性內(nèi)容，關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容在后半段，考生們要注意將文章讀完整，此類段落容易考判斷題、多選題及段落標(biāo)記題等細(xì)節(jié)題。

　　雅思精讀訓(xùn)練：遞進(jìn)段落

　　文章段落中如果出現(xiàn)遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，關(guān)鍵詞包括：moreover/furthermore等，遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的內(nèi)容一般來說是對前面內(nèi)容的補(bǔ)充。當(dāng)然沒有連接詞，但通過段落前后內(nèi)容的關(guān)系分辨出遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。

　　雅思精讀，你真的知道該怎樣做么(附詳細(xì)操作方法)

　　一、精讀時(shí)間

　　精讀一定是在按照考試規(guī)定時(shí)間做完一篇文章或套題并核對完答案之后才可進(jìn)行的工作。

　　二、精讀必備物品

　　紙質(zhì)版劍橋教材、鉛筆、熒光筆、筆記本。

　　三、精讀內(nèi)容之——詞

　　對于很多同學(xué)來說，雅思文章中的生詞是心中永遠(yuǎn)的痛。大家可將句子中不認(rèn)識的詞，用熒光筆在原文中勾畫出，同時(shí)在生詞旁邊標(biāo)上序號，按照1、2、3順次排列下去。

　　在借助字典或電子詞典查閱生詞之前我們需要做如下工作：

　　1. 判斷是否可以通過上下文的時(shí)態(tài)、邏輯關(guān)系或詞根、詞綴猜測出生詞的意思;

　　2. 如果不認(rèn)識這個(gè)詞，是否會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響對整個(gè)句子意思的把握——如果會(huì)影響對整個(gè)句子意思的把握，那么這個(gè)詞一定要認(rèn)識;但如果不影響理解句意，那可根據(jù)自己的時(shí)間安排選擇是否識別記憶該單詞。

　　在考試中，我們是沒有任何外部工具用來查找單詞的。因此這兩個(gè)步驟不僅可以幫助我們在實(shí)踐中練習(xí)和掌握猜詞的方法和節(jié)奏，還可以緩和對于生詞的恐懼心理。

　　四、精讀內(nèi)容之——句

　　對于很多考生來說，雅思閱讀的句子不僅生詞多而且長度也很壯觀，經(jīng)常搞不清楚句子中誰是什么成分、誰在修飾誰，覺得句子很難讀懂。其實(shí)一切都沒有大家想得那么難，對于句子的把握主要是盡力讀懂句子主干。雅思閱讀對于語法的考查完全不同于高中英語，不是讓你在which\in which\who \that中做出選擇，所以請化繁為簡，讀懂句子先從抓句子最簡主干開始，就是搞清：誰，做了什么，這就是最簡單的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。在主謂兩個(gè)成分中，最好尋找的是謂語，因?yàn)橹^語是由動(dòng)詞組成的。請大家記住謂語的“三姨太”：時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、情態(tài)。找到了這三位“姨太”，一個(gè)句子的主框架就基本清晰了起來。

　　五、精讀內(nèi)容之——篇

　　當(dāng)詞、句被我們逐一攻堅(jiān)之后，最后的重點(diǎn)就落在了段落、 篇章上。當(dāng)把每一句的意思讀懂之后，可以劃出段落的主題句，最后縱觀文章的全部段落，體會(huì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。日積月累之后，會(huì)漸漸發(fā)現(xiàn)并掌握雅思閱讀文章結(jié)構(gòu)和段落結(jié)構(gòu)的規(guī)律。

　　例如實(shí)驗(yàn)說明型的文章。作者圍繞實(shí)驗(yàn)展開討論。先介紹實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康?、條件準(zhǔn)備和設(shè)置，接著描述實(shí)驗(yàn)過程，然后預(yù)測結(jié)果，隨后再揭示真實(shí)結(jié)果，如果和預(yù)測相同，則分析原因;如果和預(yù)測不符，分析原因并且進(jìn)行深一步討論。

　　我們用劍五第二篇Nature or Nurture 來舉例。首段作者交代實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康?，研究人們是否對leader的指示會(huì)無條件遵循;第二段介紹了實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)置——用電擊來懲罰犯錯(cuò)學(xué)生;下一段是全部實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)程;第四段，預(yù)測沒人會(huì)實(shí)施到450伏的電擊;第五段，揭示真實(shí)結(jié)果，超過60%的參與者都實(shí)施了450伏電擊;后面三段對animal aggression instinct和social environment 這兩個(gè)原因進(jìn)行分析;最后一段，作者并未給出結(jié)論，只是提出This is the problem of modern sociobiology。

　　我們通過抓每段的段落主旨，不只是了解了文章的段落布局，更會(huì)為我們解決雅思兩大超難題型---list of heading &段落信息匹配助一臂之力。

　　六、精讀內(nèi)容之——題

　　題目是考生拿分的關(guān)鍵。在精讀階段，我們可以再次細(xì)讀題目，并將題目翻譯出來。然后就是最關(guān)鍵的一步------總結(jié)同義替換，即將題目中的詞匯與在文章中所對應(yīng)的替換點(diǎn)全部找出，并記錄在筆記本上。

　　很多學(xué)員說精讀是一件太勞神的事兒，其實(shí)我們沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)無論在學(xué)習(xí)中還是在生活中，越是勞神的事兒就越對我們幫助很大嗎?剛開始練習(xí)精讀的學(xué)員們不要急于求成，每天精讀3-4個(gè)自然段即可，慢慢積累。精讀的習(xí)慣一旦養(yǎng)成，并堅(jiān)持下去，你會(huì)明顯感覺到自己的詞匯量在上升、自己對句子如何斷句的敏感度在提高、自己的閱讀速度在迅猛增長，做題的正確率和速度自然也是隨之提升。

　　靠紀(jì)錄片一樣搞定雅思閱讀

　　最近趁著頒獎(jiǎng)季，看了許多好電影，《婦女參政論者》(suffragette)是其中之一。

　　為什么要提這部電影呢?因?yàn)樽鳛橐粋€(gè)雅思閱讀的老師，看到電影海報(bào)，職業(yè)病就犯了...腦海里立馬想到的是雅思劍三test 4 passage 2真題文章。同樣去年也發(fā)現(xiàn)一部電影《實(shí)驗(yàn)者》“experimenter” 也是講劍五test 1 passage 2的心理學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)。

　　是不是頓時(shí)覺得那高高在上的雅思閱讀真題文章原來這么接地氣啊?但話又說肥來，碰到一篇考試的文章，又剛好是自己看過的電影這種幸運(yùn)程度，也是直接可以去買Powerball了。

　　所以，如果你要在看影視劇作品中學(xué)點(diǎn)雅思詞匯，紀(jì)錄片絕對是最好的選擇!一則，由于紀(jì)錄片的科普性，雅思閱讀詞匯出現(xiàn)頻率極高。二則，劇情有時(shí)候枯燥到你只想關(guān)注底下的字幕。

　　如果大家做雅思閱讀真題做得非常多的話會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，文章的話題重復(fù)性很高。所以我就常出現(xiàn)的一些文章話題，給大家推薦一些相應(yīng)的紀(jì)錄片。

　　社會(huì)類

① 《永遠(yuǎn)的女性參政論者》suffragettes forever 如上所述雅思真題中出過女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)，也有劍六中Do literate women make better mothers? 就算不是為了背單詞，我也推薦大家看一下這個(gè)紀(jì)錄片，我們以為理所當(dāng)然的東西是多少先驅(qū)用血的代價(jià)換來了。女生要看，男生更應(yīng)該去看。

②《第四公民》

　　citizen four

　　大名鼎鼎的斯諾登的事情大家可能聽說過，這部記錄片會(huì)告訴你事情的來龍去脈。也是獲得了奧斯卡最佳紀(jì)錄片獎(jiǎng)。我看了四遍，里面有大量關(guān)于科技，隱私，監(jiān)聽相關(guān)的詞匯。剛好讓學(xué)生看了這部，他們做基礎(chǔ)閱讀有一篇工作環(huán)境中侵犯隱私行為的那一篇，詞匯毫無壓力。

　　制造類

①《皮克斯工作室：25個(gè)神奇時(shí)刻》Pixar :25 magic moments著名動(dòng)畫制作公司如何制作動(dòng)畫的。在《基礎(chǔ)閱讀》里面有一篇文章也是講如何制作動(dòng)畫人物的。 ②《倫敦地鐵史話》The Tube: an underground history雅思真題不少出交通方式類的文章，4-10里面我數(shù)了一下就有6篇。 ③《維基解密--背后的故事》Wikipedia ---the secret story

　　雅思真題中，我們見過有好多篇人物傳記一類的文章， 所以要推薦幾部人物傳記類的，英國人為主。今天要說不僅僅看英國人，因?yàn)?.31真題考的就是莫扎特。

　　人物傳記類

① 《真實(shí)的簡. 奧斯汀 》The real Jane Austen

② 《阿加莎.克里斯蒂的謎樣人生》The mystery of Agatha Christie

③ 《神奇的費(fèi)曼先生》The fantasitic Mr. Feyman 他是20世紀(jì)著名的物理學(xué)家?？赐昴銜?huì)覺得物理學(xué)家也太可愛了。當(dāng)然也有霍金的紀(jì)錄片，但是我總覺得人還活著的話就不會(huì)出題。

　　實(shí)驗(yàn)類文章在雅思閱讀中也不少出現(xiàn)，甚至我們都摸索出來這類文章結(jié)構(gòu)會(huì)如何寫。很多人在第一次看到劍五 nature or nurture 那篇實(shí)驗(yàn)之前早都了解過那個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)，做題就會(huì)特別順暢。那我來推薦幾部實(shí)驗(yàn)類，也許你考試就碰到了呢。

　　實(shí)驗(yàn)類

① 《斯坦福監(jiān)獄實(shí)驗(yàn) 》The Standford Prison Experiment

② 《我們的孩子足夠堅(jiān)強(qiáng)嗎?中式學(xué)?！稟re our kids tough enough? Chinese school 這類和教育結(jié)合在一起的實(shí)驗(yàn)在雅思真題中也是出現(xiàn)過，兩個(gè)國家之間的教育對比也是出現(xiàn)過。而且本身這個(gè)很輕松，推薦給大家。教育類的文章在雅思閱讀中也是常出現(xiàn)，有學(xué)齡前教育項(xiàng)目對比的，有日本和英國數(shù)學(xué)教育對比的文章。教育類也是愛出的一種話題。

①《數(shù)學(xué)的故事》the story of maths

　　動(dòng)物類和環(huán)境的雅思文章，真題隨便一本都能有。而相關(guān)話題的紀(jì)錄片，你隨便一搜discover，BBC出現(xiàn)非常多。這里我推薦幾部我看過的。①《蝴蝶的神奇之旅 》the incredible journey of the butterflies

②《北極熊：一個(gè)夏天的奧德賽 》polar bears: a summer odyssey

③ 《珍古德的野生黑猩猩》Jane Goodall's wild Chimpanzees猩猩一類的既可以在動(dòng)物類也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在一些實(shí)驗(yàn)類文章里面或者跟人與社會(huì)關(guān)系對比上面。所以這個(gè)紀(jì)錄片大家要仔細(xì)看。

④《BBC:非洲 》BBC: Africa 地理環(huán)境的文章在雅思中也不少，所以要關(guān)注這種環(huán)境地理類的紀(jì)錄片。

⑤《美麗中國》 wild China 一定找英文的!

⑥《日本：地球迷人之島》Japan: Earth Enchanted islands是唐頓莊園大小姐Mary 配音的

　　以上17部紀(jì)錄片推薦給大家?？吹臅r(shí)候光看一遍對于記住單詞是不夠的，至少三四遍以上。我們很多同學(xué)都說背單詞最難得就是背了又忘了，老師都會(huì)跟你說還是你反復(fù)背的次數(shù)不夠。

　　其實(shí)背單詞，在上下文中背是最有效率的。所以能在紀(jì)錄片里看到這些詞的應(yīng)用，會(huì)記得特別牢的。最好是能把紀(jì)錄片里所有生詞摘取出來形成一個(gè)自己的生詞小紅書，時(shí)常翻出來看看，閱讀單詞量肯定有大的飛躍。 也推薦兩個(gè)看紀(jì)錄片的網(wǎng)站,在線看或者下APPS 離線緩存都可以。大名鼎鼎的A站和B站：AcFun和bilibili。

雅思閱讀的精讀訓(xùn)練共5

　　雅思閱讀備考丨如何通過精讀提高雅思閱讀分?jǐn)?shù)

　　雅思閱讀備考中精讀的好處

　　提升詞匯知識，包括學(xué)科核心生詞，同義詞替換等;

　　掌握更多句法，學(xué)會(huì)分解讀懂長難句;

　　學(xué)習(xí)文章結(jié)構(gòu)，提高雅思寫作水平。

　　總之，精讀文章是放長線釣大魚，堅(jiān)持下去，會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)詞匯、句法上的突破，提升閱讀成績以及寫作水平。

　　具體怎么精讀?

　　在精讀前，大家要準(zhǔn)備好劍橋真題、鉛筆、熒光筆、筆記本等工具，然后按照詞匯、句子、篇章、題目的順序依次進(jìn)行分析。

　　詞匯：實(shí)在不認(rèn)識就蒙+猜，

　　對很多考鴨來說，雅思閱讀中最大的bug莫過于生詞太多，所以大家首先要突破生詞障礙，才能讀下去。大家可以將不認(rèn)識的詞，用熒光筆標(biāo)注序號并整理到單詞本中。

　　那么問題來了，

　　是不是逢生詞必查?

　　查詞是不是只需要記住意思?

　　除了生詞，還需要記什么?

　　1.查清楚并掌握生詞是必要的，但首先要猜詞，因?yàn)檎嬲目荚囍胁辉试S帶字典等其他工具。那么怎么猜詞?

　　大家可以通過上下文的時(shí)態(tài)、邏輯關(guān)系或詞根詞綴猜測出生詞的意思。

　　如劍4,Test1,Passage1：

　　Many studies have shown that children harbor misconceptions about 'pure' curriculum science.These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted,

　　But organized, conceptual framework,making it and the

　　component ideas,some of which are erroneous, more robust

　　But also accessible to modification.

　　如果你不認(rèn)識這一段中的multifaceted一詞，那么我們可以聯(lián)系上下文猜測它的意思，我們看到前面提到這些誤解不是isolated ，再通過but這個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折，可以判斷multifaceted應(yīng)該是與isolated (單獨(dú)的)相反的意思，并且multi-是一個(gè)前綴，表示 “多”的意思，所以可以猜出multifaceted是“多層面”的意思。

　　然而，并不是每個(gè)生詞都需要記?。?/p>

　　如果因?yàn)椴徽J(rèn)識某個(gè)詞就看不懂這句話，那一定要查并記住這個(gè)詞;

　　如果一個(gè)生詞并不影響你理解這句話，那就根據(jù)時(shí)間安排選擇是否識別記憶這個(gè)詞，不需要死記硬背。

　　2.中國考鴨習(xí)慣記生詞只記其對應(yīng)的中文意思，但如果你想真正地掌握這個(gè)詞，就應(yīng)該掌握它的具體用法包括搭配，尤其是動(dòng)詞，從而將來能靈活運(yùn)用到寫作中去。

　　3.除了記生詞外，我們還要積累文中出現(xiàn)的同義詞。同義替換是雅思閱讀的考察重點(diǎn)和出題點(diǎn)，另外大家也可以借鑒到雅思寫作中去，別忘了詞語多樣性是寫作評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一哦!

　　4.在精讀幾篇同類文章后，如生物類文章，將其中學(xué)科核心詞匯整理到一起，以后再遇到生物類的文章，就能夠快速讀懂。

　　句子：雅思閱讀中存在很多長難句，許多烤鴨經(jīng)常是云里霧里，搞不清楚句子中誰是什么成分、誰在修飾誰，分分鐘被繞暈。

　　但對于長難句，我們不需要抽絲剝繭，只需要簡單粗暴地抓主干，切割主謂賓，即搞清楚：誰，做了什么。在三個(gè)成分中，謂語最好找，一般就是動(dòng)詞詞組構(gòu)成。

　　篇章：這是玩套路的Part!

　　我們要從宏觀角度弄清文章段落邏輯，這個(gè)文章怎么就長成這個(gè)樣子?

　　搞清楚每個(gè)段落的大意及主題句，文章段落間的邏輯關(guān)系(劃出邏輯標(biāo)志詞)，文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)是如何展開的，通過分析，你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)雅思閱讀文章“套路”滿滿!

　　套路一：讀頭讀尾，找出每段中心句!

　　以劍4,Test1,Passage1為例：

　　Many studies have shown that children harbor misconceptions about'pure' curriculum science. These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organized, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas,some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. Sometimes this information may be erroneous. It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers.

　　這一段的首句為主題句，下面的內(nèi)容是具體展開的闡述。

　　套路二：雅思閱讀一身學(xué)術(shù)范兒，文章也是有模板!

　　雅思閱讀的學(xué)術(shù)性特點(diǎn)限制著文章結(jié)構(gòu)必須符合一定的學(xué)術(shù)規(guī)范，所以文章層次結(jié)構(gòu)相對固定。

　　根據(jù)劍橋真題系列，學(xué)術(shù)類閱讀大致可分為兩類：說明文和議論文。該表格對雅思閱讀兩種類型的文章結(jié)構(gòu)做了簡單分析(大家參考一下)：

　　我們以說明文為例，開頭段一般是引出主題介紹現(xiàn)象、概念或陳述事實(shí)，所以多用敘述描寫性語言;主體段對事物細(xì)節(jié)展開描述，各種話題可通過三種不同方式展開，包括時(shí)間順序、并列或遞進(jìn)(從各個(gè)側(cè)面來介紹)、邏輯發(fā)展順序，最后結(jié)尾段說明問題接下來會(huì)怎么發(fā)展，進(jìn)行總結(jié)。

　　掌握這兩個(gè)套路，我們就能抓住每段的主旨，了解文章的段落布局，那么在解決雅思兩大超難題型---list of headings和段落信息匹配就能較快地定位到答案處。

　　題目：一切不以做對題拿到分為目的的精讀都是耍流氓!所以對于題目的精讀是重中之重!

　　細(xì)讀題目具體操作：

　　1.看清題目要求

　　如遇到判斷題，考生要看清題目要求答案需要寫的是true or false or not given還是yes or no or not given，如果該寫TF卻寫成Yes或No,是會(huì)扣分的。

　　2.讀懂題干指示

　　有的題目已經(jīng)明確給出答案所在的范圍或者相關(guān)提示語和關(guān)鍵詞，所以大家要根據(jù)題干指示，快速地定位到文中答案處。

　　3.總結(jié)同義替換

　　將題目中的詞匯與在文章中所對應(yīng)的替換點(diǎn)全部找出來，并記在筆記本上，不斷積累復(fù)習(xí)。

　　但你也不要忘了

　　雅思閱讀注意事項(xiàng)

　　1.靠多刷題來提高閱讀不如踏下心來好好精讀分析劍橋真題，要善于總結(jié)，總結(jié)段落大意、文章結(jié)構(gòu)的開展、答案出現(xiàn)的地方等。

　　2.真正的雅思考試中需要你快速地處理問題，所以在平時(shí)閱讀練習(xí)中要快慢結(jié)合，詳略得當(dāng)，略讀和掃讀(skimming & scanning)以及精讀配合使用，快準(zhǔn)狠地找到關(guān)鍵信息。

　　3.一味地死背單詞是沒用的，對于生詞要靈活掌握，因?yàn)殚喿x中的題目往往是文章內(nèi)容的同義替換，并不是個(gè)別詞的明顯對應(yīng)，所以你不僅要掌握一個(gè)生詞的同義詞，還要掌握同類詞和相似表達(dá)等。

　　4、詞法知識基本功要扎實(shí)，斷句劃分句子結(jié)構(gòu)是需要掌握一定詞法知識的，否則在讀到復(fù)雜的句子抓主干時(shí)就會(huì)很吃力，想提高填空題正確率也更困難。

　　雅思閱讀每日一練：科技和教育引領(lǐng)終身學(xué)習(xí)

　　It is easy to say that people need to keep learning throughout their careers. The practicalities are daunting

　　WHEN education fails to keep pace with technology, the result is inequality. Without the skills to stay useful as innovations arrive, workers suffer—and if enough of them fall behind, society starts to fall apart. That fundamental insight seized reformers in the Industrial revolution, heralding state-funded universal schooling. Later, automation in factories and offices called forth a surge in college graduates. The combination of education and innovation, spread over decades, led to a remarkable flowering of prosperity.

　　當(dāng)教育跟不上技術(shù)進(jìn)步時(shí)，就會(huì)造成不平等。在創(chuàng)新到來之際，工人如果沒有技能使自己對雇主仍然“有用”，他們就會(huì)遭殃。而如果落后的工人太多，社會(huì)就開始崩塌。這一根本性的洞見極大影響了工業(yè)革命時(shí)期的改革者，推動(dòng)了國家資助全民教育的普及。后來，工廠和辦公室自動(dòng)化又引發(fā)了大學(xué)生人數(shù)猛增。教育和創(chuàng)新相輔相成，歷經(jīng)數(shù)十年，令繁榮之花耀眼綻放。

　　雅思閱讀高頻詞匯：

　　keep pace with 跟上

　　Innovations 創(chuàng)新

　　Fall behind 落后

　　Industrial Revolution 工業(yè)革命

　　Surge 飆升

　　Prosperity 繁榮

　　Today robotics and artificial intelligence call for another education revolution. This time, however, working lives are so lengthy and so fast-changing that simply cramming more schooling in at the start is not enough. People must also be able to acquire new skills throughout their careers.

　　Unfortunately, as our special report in this issue sets out, the lifelong learning that exists today mainly benefits high achievers—and is therefore more likely to exacerbate inequality than diminish it. If 21st-century economies are not to create a massive underclass, policymakers urgently need to work out how to help all their citizens learn while they earn. So far, their ambition has fallen pitifully short.

　　今天，機(jī)器人和人工智能呼喚又一場教育革命。而這一次，工作生涯如此漫長而又變化迅速，只在人生初期強(qiáng)加更多教育已經(jīng)不足以應(yīng)付。人們還必須能在整個(gè)職業(yè)生涯中獲取新技能。

　　不幸的是，正如我們本期特別報(bào)道所述，目前的終身學(xué)習(xí)主要是令成功人士受益，因此更可能加劇而非減輕不平等。如果21世紀(jì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)體不想要產(chǎn)生一個(gè)龐大的底層階級，政策制定者亟需制定措施，幫助國民在謀生的同時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)。而迄今為止，他們的抱負(fù)還小得可憐。

　　雅思閱讀高頻詞匯：

　　Artificial intelligence 人工智能

　　Underclass 下層階級

　　Policymaker 政策制定者

　　Machines or learning 機(jī)器或?qū)W習(xí)

　　The classic model of education—a burst at the start and top-ups through company training—is breaking down. One reason is the need for new, and constantly updated, skills. Manufacturing increasingly calls for brain work rather than metal-bashing. The share of the American workforce employed in routine office jobs declined from 25.5% to 21% between and 2015. The single, stable career has gone the way of the Rolodex.

　　Pushing people into ever-higher levels of formal education at the start of their lives is not the way to cope. Just 16% of Americans think that a four-year college degree prepares students very well for a good job. Although a vocational education promises that vital first hire, those with specialised training tend to withdraw from the labor force earlier than those with general education—perhaps because they are less adaptable.

　　機(jī)器還是學(xué)習(xí)

　　在青少年時(shí)強(qiáng)化學(xué)習(xí)，之后通過公司培訓(xùn)加以補(bǔ)充，這種傳統(tǒng)的教育模式正在失效。原因之一是需要新的技能，而且還要不斷更新。制造業(yè)越來越多地需要腦力而非蠻力。從到，常規(guī)辦公職位在美國勞動(dòng)力中所占的比例從25.5%下降到21%。單一穩(wěn)定的職業(yè)生涯已經(jīng)像旋轉(zhuǎn)式名片夾一樣一去不返了。

　　在人生初期讓人們接受更高程度的正規(guī)教育并非解決之道。僅有16%的美國人認(rèn)為四年的大學(xué)教育足以讓學(xué)生找到一份好工作。盡管職業(yè)教育能確保找到至關(guān)重要的第一份工作，但接受專門培訓(xùn)的人往往比接受普通教育的人更早退出勞動(dòng)大軍，可能是因?yàn)榍罢哌m應(yīng)性較弱。

　　雅思閱讀高頻詞匯：

　　Top-ups 充值

　　Brain work 大腦的工作

　　Withdraw 撤回

　　general education 通識教育

　　At the same time on-the-job training is shrinking. In America and Britain it has fallen by roughly half in the past two decades. Self-employment is spreading, leaving more people to take responsibility for their own skills. Taking time out later in life to pursue a formal qualification is an option, but it costs money and most colleges are geared towards youngsters.

　　The market is innovating to enable workers to learn and earn in new ways. Providers from General Assembly to Pluralsight are building businesses on the promise of boosting and rebooting careers. Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have veered away from lectures on Plato or black holes in favor of courses that make their students more employable. At Udacity and Coursera self-improvers pay for cheap, short programs that bestow “microcredentials” and “nanodegrees” in, say, self-driving cars or the Android operating system. By offering degrees online, universities are making it easier for professionals to burnish their skills. A single master’s program from Georgia Tech could expand the annual output of computer-science master’s degrees in America by close to 10%.

　　Such efforts demonstrate how to interleave careers and learning. But left to its own devices, this nascent market will mainly serve those who already have advantages. It is easier to learn later in life if you enjoyed the classroom first time around: about 80% of the learners on Coursera already have degrees. Online learning requires some IT literacy, yet one in four adults in the OECD has no or limited experience of computers. Skills atrophy unless they are used, but many low-end jobs give workers little chance to practise them.

　　與此同時(shí)，在職培訓(xùn)也在萎縮。在美國和英國，在職培訓(xùn)在過去里下降了大概一半。自雇人群正在增多，令更多的人要為自己的技能負(fù)責(zé)。在年紀(jì)較大的時(shí)候抽出時(shí)間獲得一個(gè)正規(guī)的資質(zhì)是一種選擇，但要投入成本，而且大多數(shù)院校是針對年輕人開設(shè)的。

　　市場正在創(chuàng)新以讓工人能夠有新的方法學(xué)習(xí)和賺錢。從General Assembly到Pluralsight，各類供應(yīng)商紛紛以推動(dòng)和重啟職業(yè)生涯的承諾開創(chuàng)業(yè)務(wù)。大規(guī)模開放式在線課程(MOOC)不再講授柏拉圖或黑洞，而向幫助學(xué)生就業(yè)的課程傾斜。在優(yōu)達(dá)學(xué)城(Udacity)和Coursera，進(jìn)修者付費(fèi)學(xué)習(xí)低價(jià)的短期課程，獲得如自動(dòng)駕駛汽車或安卓操作系統(tǒng)方面的“微證書”和“納米學(xué)位”。

　　這些革新顯示了如何交織工作和學(xué)習(xí)。但是，如果任其自行發(fā)展，這一新生市場將會(huì)主要服務(wù)那些已經(jīng)具備優(yōu)勢的人。如果你在年輕時(shí)就享受課堂學(xué)習(xí)，那么日后學(xué)習(xí)起來也會(huì)更容易：在Coursera，大約80%的學(xué)生已經(jīng)擁有學(xué)位。在線學(xué)習(xí)需要一些IT知識，而在經(jīng)合組織國家里，四分之一的成年人沒有或只有很少的計(jì)算機(jī)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。技能不用則退，但在很多低端工作中，工人基本沒有機(jī)會(huì)實(shí)踐技能。

　　雅思閱讀高頻詞匯：

　　geare 齒輪

　　Boosting 提高

　　Bestow 給

　　Burnish 光澤

　　demonstrate 演示

　　Shampoo technician wanted

　　If new ways of learning are to help those who need them most, policymakers should be aiming for something far more radical. Because education is a public good whose benefits spill over to all of society, governments have a vital role to play—not just by spending more, but also by spending wisely.

　　lifelong learning starts at school. As a rule, education should not be narrowly vocational. The curriculum needs to teach children how to study and think. A focus on “metacognition” will make them better at picking up skills later in life.

　　But the biggest change is to make adult learning routinely accessible to all. One way is for citizens to receive vouchers that they can use to pay for training. Singapore has such “individual learning accounts”; it has given money to everyone over 25 to spend on any of 500 approved courses. So far each citizen has only a few hundred dollars, but it is early days.

　　招募洗發(fā)師

　　如果新的學(xué)習(xí)方式是要幫助那些最需要幫助的人，那么政策制定者應(yīng)該尋求遠(yuǎn)為根本性的舉措。因?yàn)榻逃且环N公益事業(yè)，其益處會(huì)延及整個(gè)社會(huì)，各國政府要發(fā)揮重要作用——不僅要增加投入，還得把錢花得明智。

　　終身學(xué)習(xí)始于學(xué)校。一般來說，教育不應(yīng)該有狹隘的職業(yè)性。學(xué)生需要從課程中學(xué)會(huì)如何學(xué)習(xí)和思考。注重“元認(rèn)知”將幫助學(xué)生日后更好地學(xué)習(xí)技能。

　　但最大的改變是讓所有人都能常態(tài)化地進(jìn)行成人學(xué)習(xí)。一個(gè)方法是向國民發(fā)放抵用券，可用于支付培訓(xùn)費(fèi)用。新加坡就有這樣的“個(gè)人學(xué)習(xí)賬戶”。該國向所有25歲以上的國民提供資金，可用來選擇學(xué)習(xí)500種經(jīng)認(rèn)可的課程。到目前為止，每個(gè)國民只領(lǐng)取了幾百美元，但這才剛剛開始。

　　courses paid for by taxpayers risk being wasteful. But industry can help by steering people towards the skills it wants and by working with MOOCs and colleges to design courses that are relevant. Companies can also encourage their staff to learn. AT&T, a telecoms firm which wants to equip its workforce with digital skills, spends $30m a year on reimbursing employees’ tuition costs. Trade unions can play a useful role as organizers of lifelong learning, particularly for those—workers in small firms or the self-employed—for whom company-provided training is unlikely. A union-run training program in Britain has support from political parties on the right and left.

　　由納稅人付費(fèi)的課程有可能被浪費(fèi)。但企業(yè)界可以提供幫助，引導(dǎo)人們學(xué)習(xí)業(yè)界所需的技能，并和MOOC及大學(xué)院校合作設(shè)計(jì)有用的課程。企業(yè)還可以鼓勵(lì)員工學(xué)習(xí)。電信公司AT&T希望員工具備數(shù)字技能，它每年支出3000萬美元報(bào)銷員工的學(xué)費(fèi)。工會(huì)也可以發(fā)揮作用，組織終身學(xué)習(xí)，尤其是幫助那些小公司的員工或自雇人士，因?yàn)檫@些人不大可能有公費(fèi)培訓(xùn)的機(jī)會(huì)。在英國，一個(gè)工會(huì)組織的培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目同時(shí)得到了左右兩派政黨的支持。

　　To make all this training worthwhile, governments need to slash the licensing requirements and other barriers that make it hard for newcomers to enter occupations. Rather than asking for 300 hours’ practice to qualify to wash hair, for instance, the state of Tennessee should let hairdressers decide for themselves who is the best person to hire.

　　Not everyone will successfully navigate the shifting jobs market. Those most at risk of technological disruption are men in blue-collar jobs, many of whom reject taking less “masculine” roles in fast-growing areas such as health care. But to keep the numbers of those left behind to a minimum, all adults must have access to flexible, affordable training. The 19th and 20th centuries saw stunning advances in education. That should be the scale of the ambition today.

　　要讓所有這些培訓(xùn)有價(jià)值，政府需要大力降低執(zhí)業(yè)資格要求以及其他阻礙新人入行的門檻。例如，與其要求有300小時(shí)的實(shí)習(xí)來獲得做洗發(fā)工的資格，田納西州應(yīng)該讓理發(fā)店自行決定雇誰最好。

　　并非每個(gè)人都能成功應(yīng)付正在變化的就業(yè)市場。受技術(shù)顛覆威脅最大的是那些藍(lán)領(lǐng)工人，其中很多人拒絕在醫(yī)療護(hù)理等快速發(fā)展的領(lǐng)域里承擔(dān)不那么“男子漢”的工作。但是，若要盡量減少因時(shí)代改變而落伍的人數(shù)，那么所有成年人都必須能夠獲得靈活而又實(shí)惠的培訓(xùn)。在19和20世紀(jì)，教育有了令人震驚的進(jìn)步。今天的抱負(fù)應(yīng)當(dāng)不遜當(dāng)年。

　　4月7日雅思閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)預(yù)測

　　雅思閱讀文章題目：Living with uncertainty

　　重復(fù)年份：20160109A 20140515

　　雅思閱讀雅思閱讀題材：自然環(huán)境

　　雅思閱讀雅思閱讀題型：判斷7+簡答6

　　雅思閱讀文章大意：澳洲的氣候變化無常，所以那里的生物需要很強(qiáng)的應(yīng)變能力。有一種P鳥可以知道什么地方什么時(shí)候下雨，可以提前飛去找水喝。當(dāng)?shù)厝藶榱酸鳙C把森林燒掉，另一種要吃salt bush的鳥就因此滅絕了。歐洲人來了之后大量種植wheat，Emu喜歡吃，所以繁殖很快。

　　部分答案參考：

　　判斷：

　　第一種鳥避開下雨的地方。N

　　簡答：

　　1.Aboriginal做了什么來方便他們打獵 lit fire

　　2. G鳥滅絕的原因：salt bush

　　3. Emu吃wheat

　　雅思閱讀文章題目：Trade

　　重復(fù)年份：20160109B 20120728

　　雅思閱讀題材：發(fā)展史

　　雅思閱讀題型：暫無

　　雅思閱讀文章大意：貿(mào)易的發(fā)展史，講了貿(mào)易的人的天性以及各地的貿(mào)易發(fā)展水平和狀況。

　　Basically trade means exchange of goods, services, or both. Trade is also called commerce. The actual face of trade was barter, which was the direct exchange of goods and services. Today traders generally negotiate through a medium of exchange, like money, which then makes buying separate from selling, or earning. The invention of money has made trade simpler. Trade between two traders is called bilateral trade, while trade between more than two traders is called multilateral trade.

　　Trade exists for many reasons. It can be due to specialization and division of labor. Trade exists between regions because different regions have a comparative advantage in the production of some tradable commodity, or because different regions' size helps getting benefits of mass production.

　　History of Trade:

　　Trade originated in prehistoric times. It was the main facility of prehistoric people, who bartered goods and services from each other when modern money was never even thought of. Peter Watson dates the history of long-distance commerce from circa 150,000 years ago.

　　Trade is believed to have taken place throughout much of recorded human history. Materials used for the creation of jewelry were traded with Egypt since 3000 BC. Long-distance trade routes first appeared in the 3rd millennium BC, by the Sumerians in Mesopotamia when they traded with the Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley. Trading is greatly important to the global economy. From the very beginning of Greek civilization to the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, a financially worthwhile trade brought valuable spice to Europe from the Far East, including China.

　　The fall of the Roman Empire, and the succeeding Dark Ages brought insecurity to Western Europe and a near end of the trade network. However some trade did occur, the Radhanites were a medieval group of Jewish merchants who traded between the Christians in Europe and the Muslims of the Near East.

　　The Sogdians ruled the East-West trade route known as the Silk Road from the end 4th century AD to the 8th century AD.

　　The Vikings and Varangians also traded from the 8th to the 11th century as they sailed from and to Scandinavia. Vikings sailed to Western Europe, while Varangians to Russia.

　　vasco da Gama restarted the European Spice trade in 1498. Earlier to his sailing around Africa, the flow of spice into Europe was controlled by Islamic powers, especially Egypt. The spice trade was of major economic importance and helped encourage the Age of Exploration. Spices brought to Europe from distant lands were some of the most valuable commodities for their weight, sometimes rivaling gold.

　　In the 16th century, Holland was the centre of free trade, imposing no exchange controls, and advocating the free movement of goods.

　　In 1776, Adam Smith published the paper ”An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations“. This paper criticized Mercantilism, and argued that economic specialization could benefit nations just as much as firms. Since that time the division of labor was restricted by the size of the market, he said that countries having access to larger markets would be able to divide labor more efficiently and thereby become more productive.

　　The Great Depression was a major economic collapse that ran from 1929 to the late 1930s. There was a great setback in trade and other economic indicators during this period.

　　The lack of free trade was considered by many as a root cause of the depression. Only during the World War II the recession ended in United States.

　　雅思閱讀文章題目：The history of Russian Ballet

　　重復(fù)年份：20160114 20150418 20121124

　　雅思閱讀題材：發(fā)展史

　　雅思閱讀題型：判斷6+填空7

　　雅思閱讀文章大意：芭蕾舞發(fā)源于意大利，從17世紀(jì)后傳入俄國后一直欣欣向榮。出了很多優(yōu)秀的藝術(shù)家和作品，外國舞派也對俄國芭蕾舞發(fā)展有著影響。后期以戲劇味發(fā)展主流，一直講到本世紀(jì)70年代的發(fā)展。

　　參考閱讀：

　　Until 1689, ballet in Russia was nonexistent. The Tsarist control and isolationism in Russia allowed for little influence from the West. It wasn't until the rise of Peter the Great that Russian society opened up to the West. St. Petersburg was erected to embrace the West and compete against Moscow’s isolationism. Peter the Great created a new Russia which rivaled the society of the West with magnificent courts and palaces. His vision was to challenge the west. Classical ballet entered the realm of Russia not as entertainment, but as a “standard of physical comportment to be emulated and internalized-an idealized way of behaving. The aim was not to entertain the masses of Russians, but to create a cultivated and new Russian people.

　　Empress Anna, (1730 – 1740) was devoted to ostentatious amusements (balls, fireworks, tableaux), and in the summer of 1734 ordered the appointment of Jean-Baptiste Landé as dancing-master in the military academy she had founded in 1731 for sons of the nobility. In 1738, he became ballet master and head of the new ballet school, launching the advanced study of ballet in Russia, and winning the patronage of elite families.

　　France provided many leaders such as Charles Didelot in St Petersburg (1801-1831), Jules Perrot(1848-1859) and Arthur Saint-Léon (1859-69).

　　In the early 19th century, the theaters were opened up to anyone who could afford a ticket. A seating section called a rayok, or 'paradise gallery', consisted of simple wooden benches. This allowed non-wealthy people access to the ballet, because tickets in this section were inexpensive.

　　One author describes the Imperial ballet as “unlike that of any other country in the world…the most prestigious of the ballet troupes were those attached to the state-supported theatres. The directors of these companies were personally appointed by the tsar, and all the dancers were, in a sense, Imperial servants. In the theatre, the men in the audience always remained standing until the tsar entered his box and, out of respect, after the performance they remained in their places until he had departed. Curtain calls were arranged according to a strict pattern: first, the ballerina bowed to the tsar’s box, then to that of the theater director, and finally to the general public.

　　雅思閱讀文章題目：Aquaculture in New Zealand

　　重復(fù)年份：20160114 20151031 20121124 0212

　　雅思閱讀題材：農(nóng)業(yè)

　　雅思閱讀題型：小標(biāo)題7+人名理論配對3+句子填空3

　　雅思閱讀文章大意：新西蘭水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖，介紹了新西蘭一種新型保護(hù)海底動(dòng)物多樣性兼顧商業(yè)運(yùn)作的方式一aquaculture , 其發(fā)展遇到的問題及前景。

　　部分參考答案：

　　小標(biāo)題

　　14. vi (一個(gè)受益的村莊)

　　15. vii (company’s profit)

　　16. 選含 limitation 的那項(xiàng)

　　17. 選含 concerns to environment 的那項(xiàng)

　　18. 選含 alternative explanation 的那項(xiàng)

　　19. 選含 research 的那項(xiàng)

　　20. 選含 science and business 的那項(xiàng)

　　填空題

　　24. polyculture/aquaculture

　　25. commercial partner

　　26. market value/high price

　　雅思閱讀文章題目：Children and robots

　　重復(fù)年份：20160305 20141002

　　雅思閱讀題材：科技

　　雅思閱讀題型：小標(biāo)題5+配對5+填空3

　　雅思閱讀文章大意：機(jī)器人對孩子學(xué)習(xí)的影響。主要講到把機(jī)器人放在學(xué)?？梢暂o助老師還有陪學(xué)生玩，還可以讓它們擁有表情促進(jìn)交流，但是過度使用可能會(huì)造成倫理問題，此外還提到了幾個(gè)科學(xué)家和他們的觀點(diǎn)。

　　參考閱讀：

　　Robotics is making inroads into society, not only in factories and industry but also in homes and schools, where social robots are helping children cope better with conditions such as diabetes and autism.

　　A robot and child

　　Studies show that interaction with a robot can benefit children with certain medical conditions such as diabetes, as well as autism and other developmental disorders. (Image: ALIZ-E project.)

　　This week, thousands of people – young and old – are exploring the weirdness and wonders of robotics technology during the European Robotics Week, which is taking place in labs, museums, public squares and schools all over Europe.

　　But robotics offers more than just show and tell. It can make a real difference in the lives of children who, for example, struggle with diabetes or autism, or need extra help in the classroom.

‘Nao’ the friendly (but not perfect) robot

　　Recently, scientists showed that social robots can help diabetic children accept the nature of their condition and become more confident about their futures. In the four-and-a-half year ALIZ-E project, a research team led by Plymouth University studied the interactions between hundreds of European children aged 7-11 and a robot prototype called ‘Nao’.

　　Standing around 60 centimetres tall and featuring specially designed speech recognition software, ‘Nao’ helped the youngsters in keeping a diary of food intake, insulin injections and blood sugar levels. Through quizzes and games it also helped the kids to better understand diabetes and the huge amount of information they are given.

　　According to ALIZ-E leader Tony Belpaeme, the robot is not just a novelty factor to catch the children’s attention but a tool to engage and motivate them. “In many cases where a child has diabetes, you notice their confidence has been knocked and the robot can help restore that. By personalising its responses and recognising the children it has met before, the robots can support and educate, and we have seen many times the positive impact this is having on children and their families,” Belpaeme says in a Plymouth University news release.

　　The European Commission-funded study has not only shed light on how children relate to social robots, but also how robots need to be designed to maximise their impact when used for educational or therapeutic purposes.

“The robot needs to personalise what it does. If it treats children on an individual level, they immediately relate to it – it taps into our primitive need to interact and communicate,” Belpaeme says in the release. “One of the things that does appeal to children is that the robot makes mistakes – if it never did so, it could become intimidating. It does make the child realise they too don’t have to be perfect all of the time.”

　　Robots to assist autistic children

　　The researchers also showed the robots have potential to act as classroom assistants helping pupils who may be in danger of falling behind their peers. The team is now exploring additional uses for the robots, for instance to help children on the autistic spectrum.

“Our initial work shows it could have an incredibly positive impact on those children, and given that autism can impact heavily on someone’s ability to communicate and build relationships, we now need to establish why it seems they can relate to a tiny robot. From that, we can explore how widely we can use the robot as a therapeutic tool and can we, in fact, use it to teach about wider social interactions,” Belpaeme says.

　　As shown in a number of recent reports by the BBC, there is indeed growing evidence that robots can help autistic children not only to learn but also to improve their communication skills.

雅思閱讀的精讀訓(xùn)練共6

　　掌握雅思閱讀精讀訓(xùn)練的正確方法

　　精讀(intensive reading)是相對于泛讀(extensive reading)來說的。如果泛讀可以理解為“廣泛的讀”，那我們可以把精讀稱之為“精細(xì)的讀”。何為精細(xì)的讀呢?我認(rèn)為精讀是逐字逐句地讀，全面理解文中單詞的詞義，理清句子結(jié)構(gòu)，讀懂句子進(jìn)而理解段落和文章結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　精讀是一種非常有效的提高閱讀能力的閱讀方式。一個(gè)英語水平中等的考生如果能認(rèn)真完成十幾篇雅思真題的精讀，再加上一些針對性的訓(xùn)練，閱讀單項(xiàng)取得 7.5 分以上的成績不成問題。精讀除了能幫我們提高雅思考試需要的閱讀能力，還有助于積累詞匯和好的表達(dá)方式，對寫作也大有幫助。

　　那么雅思閱讀該如何精讀呢?現(xiàn)在我們就來看看精讀這味藥：雅思精讀成分：劍橋真題 4-10。

　　對于準(zhǔn)備參加雅思考試的同學(xué)來說，真題是最好的練習(xí)資料。而雅思真題非常有限，劍 4 到 劍 10 共 28 套題 84 篇文章，所以要充分利用真題，認(rèn)真做每一篇精讀。

　　療程 & 劑量：半個(gè)月，每天堅(jiān)持精讀一套真題(三篇)，或做等量的針對性練習(xí)。根據(jù)個(gè)人情況，酌情增減。

　　接下來我們來看看具體的使用方法，根據(jù)不同的問題對癥下藥：

　　雅思閱讀適用癥 1：單詞不認(rèn)識，句子讀不懂。

　　雅思精讀訓(xùn)練適用說明：在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)做完一套閱讀題并核對完答案之后，將閱讀原文中的答案句和重點(diǎn)句逐句精讀，復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)間充裕者可做全文精讀。

　　劃出一句話中的生詞并通過查詞典(點(diǎn)我看詞典推薦)搞懂詞義，將這些詞按照類別整理出來，經(jīng)常翻看。同時(shí)也要注意積累高頻考點(diǎn)詞和同近義表達(dá)。

　　一句話讀不懂的一個(gè)可能的原因是生詞較多或關(guān)鍵詞不認(rèn)識。精讀首先幫助我們積累生詞。雅思閱讀的內(nèi)容包羅萬象，天文地理、人類發(fā)展、環(huán)境保護(hù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)、語言文化、人物傳記等都有涉及。每類文章都存在一些對于理解文章起到重要作用的單詞，把這些單詞積累下來對于理解這篇文章以及今后再做同類的閱讀題大有幫助。

　　有些詞雖然不是生詞，但它們在文章及題目中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，也就是我們所說的考點(diǎn)詞，這些詞往往是解題的關(guān)鍵。因此在精讀的過程中也要?jiǎng)澇鲞@些考點(diǎn)詞，記住它們并對這些詞保持敏感。

　　做過雅思真題的朋友可能已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了，雅思閱讀中處處都是同義詞替換。所以在精讀過程中不光要積累不認(rèn)識的生詞和高頻考點(diǎn)詞，還要注意找出同近義詞和上下義替換的詞組，這些地方往往都是出題點(diǎn)。同樣的，要把這些同近義詞 / 表達(dá)總結(jié)整理出來并經(jīng)常翻看，加深印象。

　　雅思閱讀適用癥 2：單詞都認(rèn)識，句子依然讀不懂。

　　雅思精讀訓(xùn)練適用說明：而當(dāng)一句話中每個(gè)詞都認(rèn)識，但還是看不懂這句話要表達(dá)的意思，可能是句子結(jié)構(gòu)沒搞清楚。這時(shí)你需要做的是句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析練習(xí)。

　　具體做法是：先判斷這個(gè)句子所屬的結(jié)構(gòu)類型，是簡單句、并列復(fù)合句還是主從復(fù)合句，主句、從句、連接詞分別是什么。然后找到句子的主語和謂語，理解句子的主干。接下來進(jìn)行成分劃分，即分析這句話中的各個(gè)部分在此句中作何成分。搞清楚了這些以后試著理解這句話的含義，時(shí)間充裕的話可以試著寫下翻譯。

　　舉個(gè)例子：The advantages claimed for such foods over conventionally grown and marketed food products are now being debated.這是一個(gè)簡單句。

　　先找句子主干：The advantages [主語] are now being debated [謂語].

　　再看其他部分做什么成分：claimed for such foods over conventionally grown and marketed food products 作定語，是修飾主語 the advantages 的。這句話可翻譯為：有人認(rèn)為綠色食品比用常規(guī)方法生產(chǎn)和銷售的食品更好，但這種說法現(xiàn)在受到了質(zhì)疑。

　　這樣做下來雖然比較費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力，但效果非常好。通常情況下，當(dāng)完成 300 個(gè)句子分析后就能明顯感到自己的閱讀能力有很大提高。

　　雅思閱讀適用癥 3：句子能讀懂，文章不理解。

　　雅思精讀訓(xùn)練適用說明：當(dāng)你讀單句時(shí)單詞都認(rèn)識，句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較清楚，句子好像也能理解，但是看完一遍整篇文章之后還是不明所以。此時(shí)你可能需要進(jìn)行文章邏輯訓(xùn)練。當(dāng)進(jìn)行完單句的精讀之后，從宏觀的角度看看每個(gè)段落的大意是什么，它們在邏輯上是如何安排的，確定句間及段落間邏輯關(guān)系(因果、轉(zhuǎn)折、并列等)，劃出邏輯標(biāo)志詞。此時(shí)再找出剛剛做過的題目，分析錯(cuò)誤原因，找到答案的出處，經(jīng)過這樣循序漸進(jìn)的練習(xí)你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)考官出題的思路。

　　注意事項(xiàng)：123 需要一起使用，也就是在精讀一篇文章時(shí)按照這個(gè)順序，先解決單詞的問題，然后是句子，接著是段落文章。如果有某個(gè)部分特別薄弱，比如不認(rèn)識的單詞太多、完全理不清句子結(jié)構(gòu)等，就要加大相對應(yīng)的能力訓(xùn)練。

　　雅思閱讀小范圍預(yù)測

　　文章題目 We have star performers

　　重復(fù)年份 0114 1124

　　題材 商業(yè)管理

　　題型 段落細(xì)節(jié)配對 4+判斷 4+填空 5

　　文章大意 人才與天賦，討論人才和選人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之間的論證。講公司考核員工主要的依據(jù)，talents, 文章批判了傳統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn)(才能是與生俱來的，是不變的，是需要公司去發(fā)現(xiàn)的。文章先用一段肯定了有才能的人的存在，然后分段講到，才能是隨時(shí)間變化的，是不能被精確度量的，是可以憑努力換來的。

　　文章題目 Newly Hatched birds

　　重復(fù)年份 0430 0718 20100821 0922

　　題材 動(dòng)物

　　題型 暫無

　　文章大意 有一種通過敲擊蛋殼加速蛋的孵化，并解釋了同時(shí)孵化的原因。后面又比較

　　了各種鳥的喂食方式。

　　參考閱讀： The changes in body weight and composition were examined in broilers that either had immediate access to feed and water or had not been fed for 48 h posthatch. Chicks without access to feed decreased in BW by 7.8% in the 48 h posthatch, which was equivalent to 5.3 kcal/45 g chick/d. However, during this period the small intestines increased in weight and protein content by 80% or more. The decrease in yolk fat and protein could account for most of the changes in body composition in the feed-deprived chick. In contrast, fed chicks grew by 5 g and used 4.5 kcal/d for maintenance; during this period small intestines increased in weight by 110%. Intestinal absorption of exogenous nutrients was determined from hatch through 4 d posthatch by administration of a bolus of labeled glucose, methionine, or oleic acid, together with a nonabsorbed reference substance. Absorption of fatty acids was more than 80% at hatch and was higher than that of glucose and methionine, which was low especially when the bolus was administered as a solution. Absorption of all components tested increased with age and was more than 80% on Day 4. Duodenal in situ uptake determinations in hatching chicks indicated that uptake of oleic acid was high from yolk and saline solutions compared with glucose and methionine, which exhibited low uptake from yolk but higher uptake from saline solutions. These studies indicate that, although the small intestine has the capacity to absorb carbohydrates and amino acids at hatch, uptake may be dependant on the development of suitable conditions, including sufficient pancreatic and brush border enzymes for digestion and adequate sodium for function of the glucose-sodium cotransporters.

......

　　文章題目 Egypt‘s Sunken Treasures

　　重復(fù)年份 20150509 20120331

　　題材 考古

　　題型 配對 4+判斷+填空

　　文章大意 埃及一個(gè)古建筑在海底被發(fā)現(xiàn)了，考古學(xué)家拯救海底建筑。

　　參考閱讀： The exhibition of Egyptian antiquities currently at the Grand Palais in Paris possesses an international importance comparable in the past 40 years only with the exhibition of Chinese art organised by Beijing at the Petit Palais in 1973. Instead of famous works of art from museums or private collections, it displays a great number of new archaeological discoveries, including some unexpected chef d'oeuvres, all but one unpublished before now. Shown first in Berlin, it has been organised by a French underwater archaeologist, Franck Goddio (Fig. 5), to present the results of well over 10 years of his research along the shores of the Nile delta. [FIGURE 5 OMITTED] During the first millennium AD, several earthquakes and floods between Alexandria and the western mouth of the Nile caused the coastline to sink into the sea along a stretch of some 30 kilometres. ThonisHeraklion, at the end of the Canopic branch of the Nile, and the neighbouring city of Kanopos-East disappeared during the 7th-8th century. The inundation of Alexandria's eastern harbour, called by the Romans Portus Magnus, occurred between the mid 4th and the early 14th centuries AD. Goddio has been assisted by a skilful team drawn from Egypt, France, Germany and elsewhere. But the vision, the will and the tenacity that have kept together the complex machinery of the enterprise are his. Now over 50, Goddio has wide experience of diving in the Pacific and the Atlantic. The results of his long underwater search presented in the Grand Palais are in many ways comparable to the rediscovery of Troy by Schliemann in the 19th century and of Tutankhamun's tomb by Lord Carnarvon and Howard Carter in the 1920s. It is true that among the underwater ruins that he has explored, Goddio has not recovered any gold and silver treasure comparable with the findings of Schliemann and Carter. As far as gold is concerned, the show includes only some coins, earrings, rings, amulets and crosses. However, the discovery under the sea after so many centuries of three ancient ports enables Goddio to take his place not only beside Schliemann and Carter but also

　　雅思閱讀模擬題：Suns fickle heart may leave us cold

　　Sun's fickle heart may leave us cold

□ 25 January 2007

□ From New Scientist Print Edition.

□ Stuart Clark

　　1 There's a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise

　　And fall on timescales of around 100,000 years - exactly the same period as

　　Between ice ages on Earth. So says a physicist who has created a computer model

　　Of our star's core.

　　2 Robert Ehrlich of George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, modelled

　　The effect of temperature fluctuations in the sun's interior. According to the

　　Standard view, the temperature of the sun's core is held constant by the

　　Opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusion. However, Ehrlich believed that

　　Slight variations should be possible.

　　3 He took as his starting point the work of Attila Grandpierre of the

　　konkoly Observatory of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In , Grandpierre

　　And a collaborator, Gábor ágoston, calculated that magnetic fields in the sun's

　　core could produce small instabilities in the solar plasma. These instabilities

　　Would induce localised oscillations in temperature.

　　4 Ehrlich's model shows that whilst most of these oscillations cancel each

　　Other out, some reinforce one another and become long-lived temperature

　　variations. The favoured frequencies allow the sun's core temperature to

　　Oscillate around its average temperature of 13.6 million kelvin in cycles

　　lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years. Ehrlich says that random interactions

　　Within the sun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle

　　length to the other.

　　5 These two timescales are instantly recognisable to anyone familiar with

　　Earth's ice ages: for the past million years, ice ages have occurred roughly

　　Every 100,000 years. Before that, they occurred roughly every 41,000 years.

　　6 Most scientists believe that the ice ages are the result of subtle

　　changes in Earth's orbit, known as the Milankovitch cycles. One such cycle

　　describes the way Earth's orbit gradually changes shape from a circle to a

　　Slight ellipse and back again roughly every 100,000 years. The theory says this

　　Alters the amount of solar radiation that Earth receives, triggering the ice

　　Ages. However, a persistent problem with this theory has been its inability to

　　Explain why the ice ages changed frequency a million years ago.

　　7 ”In Milankovitch, there is certainly no good idea why the frequency

　　Should change from one to another,“ says Neil Edwards, a climatologist at the

　　Open University in Milton Keynes, UK. Nor is the transition problem the only one

　　The Milankovitch theory faces. Ehrlich and other critics claim that the

　　Temperature variations caused by Milankovitch cycles are simply not big enough

　　To drive ice ages.

　　8 However, Edwards believes the small changes in solar heating produced by

　　Milankovitch cycles are then amplified by feedback mechanisms on Earth. For

　　Example, if sea ice begins to form because of a slight cooling, carbon dioxide

　　That would otherwise have found its way into the atmosphere as part of the

　　carbon cycle is locked into the ice. That weakens the greenhouse effect and

　　Earth grows even colder.

　　9 According to Edwards, there is no lack of such mechanisms. ”If you add

　　Their effects together, there is more than enough feedback to make Milankovitch

　　Work,“ he says. ”The problem now is identifying which mechanisms are at work.“

　　This is why scientists like Edwards are not yet ready to give up on the current

　　Theory. ”Milankovitch cycles give us ice ages roughly when we observe them to

　　Happen. We can calculate where we are in the cycle and compare it with

　　Observation,“ he says. ”I can't see any way of testing [Ehrlich's] idea to see

　　Where we are in the temperature oscillation.“

　　10 Ehrlich concedes this. ”If there is a way to test this theory on the

　　Sun, I can't think of one that is practical,“ he says. That's because variation

　　Over 41,000 to 100,000 years is too gradual to be observed. However, there may

　　Be a way to test it in other stars: red dwarfs. Their cores are much smaller

　　Than that of the sun, and so Ehrlich believes that the oscillation periods could

　　Be short enough to be observed. He has yet to calculate the precise period or

　　The extent of variation in brightness to be expected.

　　11 Nigel Weiss, a solar physicist at the University of Cambridge, is far

　　From convinced. He describes Ehrlich's claims as ”utterly implausible“. Ehrlich

　　counters that Weiss's opinion is based on the standard solar model, which fails

　　To take into account the magnetic instabilities that cause the temperature

　　Fluctuations.

雅思閱讀的精讀訓(xùn)練共7

　　雅思閱讀 怎樣才算精讀?

　　精讀是什么?有些同學(xué)覺得做好標(biāo)記就可以，有些同學(xué)覺得是把握文章的主旨和態(tài)度，還有些同學(xué)覺得是要在雅思閱讀中抓住所有細(xì)節(jié)。讀法當(dāng)然人各有志，然而雅思考試是有題庫的，現(xiàn)有的真題文章是我們最好的訓(xùn)練材料，精讀作為一種好的閱讀習(xí)慣，需要耐心地培養(yǎng)。

　　那么，怎么樣才算精讀了一篇閱讀真題呢?你可以參考這兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：

　　1、 不要求每個(gè)單詞都背下來，但對重要位置上的生詞應(yīng)在查閱好以后記錄，關(guān)鍵句和長難句要對照著翻譯出來。打個(gè)比方，這不是讓你把100多集的連續(xù)劇每集都背下來，而是讓你復(fù)述情節(jié)發(fā)展的線索，而這離不開對生詞節(jié)點(diǎn)的打通。

　　2、 讀懂文章主旨、作者態(tài)度和寫作結(jié)構(gòu)，對寫作背景有所準(zhǔn)備。從雅思標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中可以看出，做對題目要求深刻的理解，所以基礎(chǔ)不好或者詞匯量低的同學(xué)更應(yīng)該把握文章大意，而提高方法也在于用精讀好好訓(xùn)練自己。

　　雖然考場上沒看懂一個(gè)例子或者一個(gè)長句，可能最后也不影響你做對題目，但是不掌握邏輯走錯(cuò)方向的情況還是挺多的。因此希望大家克服怕麻煩的心理，備戰(zhàn)閱讀。

　　這具體的方法論，小編在這里給大家奉上劍橋雅思真題精講里的做法：

　　首先你可以列出篇章結(jié)構(gòu)：這是一篇什么主題的文章?考察的重點(diǎn)是信息大意還是歸納總結(jié)?里面出現(xiàn)的題型有哪些?有了最基礎(chǔ)的了解，你就可以將它分類在筆記本里，然后進(jìn)一步解讀：這篇文章主要講了一個(gè)什么故事，或者探討了什么問題。如果有條件，利用詞典把剛才不明白的地方搞懂，大致能翻譯出來主要情節(jié)。

　　接著，你可以把讀懂這篇文章時(shí)用到的必要詞匯和詞組摘錄下來，加以背誦;如果讀懂對你來說不是問題，那你就在這些詞匯的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行拓展，爭取多接觸到高頻詞。

　　然后就是重要的難點(diǎn)解析了，把文本里自己讀不懂的句子，或者中心段落進(jìn)行整體的翻譯，看看它們和答案直接存在著怎樣的聯(lián)系。一方面就鍛煉了你的翻譯水平，一方面也讓你了解了出題思路，是一種綜合性的訓(xùn)練。

　　最后，再把自己的錯(cuò)題記錄下來，但不要把正確答案標(biāo)在一邊——復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)你就可以再重新思考一下，不走進(jìn)同樣的謬誤了。

　　畢竟雅思閱讀考察的大部分題目都是指向中心的，所以大規(guī)模地泛讀不是很能提高分?jǐn)?shù)。希望大家都能利用精讀法訓(xùn)練自己，在考場上飛快抓住文章中關(guān)鍵詞讀懂文章內(nèi)容，考出好成績。

　　雅思考試閱讀理解備考輔導(dǎo)

　　The screw tightens

　　ONE can almost hear the gates clanging: one after the other the sources of funding for Europe’s banks are being shut. It is a result of the highly visible run on Europe’s government bond markets, which today reached the heart of the euro zone: an auction of new German bonds failed to generate enough demand for the full amount, causing a drop in bond prices (and prompting the Bundesbank to buy 39% of the bonds offered, according to Reuters).

　　Now another run—more hidden, but potentially more dangerous—is taking place: on the continents’ banks. People are not yet queuing up in front of bank branches (except in Latvia’s capital Riga where savers today were trying to withdraw money from Krajbanka, a mid-sized bank, pictured). But billions of euros are flooding out of Europe’s banking system through bond and money markets.

　　At best, the result may be a credit crunch that leaves businesses unable to get loans and invest. At worst, some banks may fail—and trigger real bank runs in countries whose shaky public finances have left them ill equipped to prop up their financial institutions.

　　To make loans, banks need funding. For this, they mainly tap into three sources: long-term bonds, deposits from consumers, and short-term loans from money markets as well as other banks. Bond issues and short-term funding have been seizing up as the panic over government bonds has spread to banks (which themselves are large holders of government bonds). This blockage has been made worse by tighter capital regulations that are encouraging banks to cut lending (instead of raising capital).

　　Markets for bank bonds were the first to freeze. In the third quarter bonds issues by European banks only reached 15% of the amount they raised over the same period in the past two years, reckon analysts at Citi Group. It is unlikely that European banks have sold many more bonds since.

　　Short-term funding markets were next to dry up. Hardest hit were European banks that need dollars to finance world trade (more than one third of which is funded by European banks, according to Barclays). American money market funds, in particular, have pulled back from Europe. Loans to French banks have plunged 69% since the end of May and nearly 20% over the past month alone, according to Fitch, a ratings agency. Over the past six months, it reckons, American money market funds have pulled 42% of their money out of European banks. European money market funds, too, continue to reduce their exposure to France, Italy and Spain, according to the latest numbers from Fitch.

　　雅思考試閱讀理解備考輔導(dǎo)

　　The euro zone's unexploded ordnance is no longer nuclear

　　THE euro-zone crisis is not solved and is not likely to be solved soon, but the greatest immediate danger has been avoided. Two points worth stressing.

　　1) The euro-zone economy has some “unexploded ordinance” in it that is likely to explode eventually, but no one really knows whether it is a grenade, a 1000kg bomb, or a nuclear device; what leaders did last week and are doing this week is making sure it is NOT a nuclear device.

　　Europe still faces a number of vortices that could pull down the euro zone if allowed to get going: the “Greek” austerity-budget deficit vortex, and the “Lehman vortex” that sucked Dexia below water, as per the diagram below.

　　However, euro-zone leaders seen to have finally rendered the worst vortex inoperable, namely the “Irish” vortex where by shocks pull down banks, banks pull down governments and then the vortex spreads to the next government in line. In this case it would have been Greek restructuring pulling down banks that forced nationalisation that forced downgrades that drove up yields which then made the governments insolvent. As this might rapidly have reached Italy and Spain, the “nuclear” outcome was truly scary—the sort of thing that had Charles Wyplosz talking about 1930s-like outcomes.

　　The first revelation is that they have now finally admitted that backstopping the banks is absolutely essential, mostly via recapitalisation. I’d guess that they’ll flub the job at the EU and G20 summits but that doesn’t really matter. They are now at “battle stations” when it comes to the banks, so we won’t have a Lehman-like moment that then brings down the world’s third largest debtor (Italy). Either national governments, or the EFSF will make sure the banks remain intact regardless.

　　The second revelation is that regardless of what they do to scale up the EFSF, it won’t be big enough to backstop sovereigns in a way that will prevent contagion. However, this doesn’t matter as the ECB will be forced to step in—just as it did in August and for exactly the same reason. Contagion spreading to Italy, Spain, Belgium, Malta, France etc would spell a very rapid and very ugly end to the euro zone. Besides, they have the ready excuse that they employed in August about orderly markets and monetary policy. But not all is for the best in this best of all possible worlds. The law of unintended consequences will be fully enforced.

　　2) Their half-hearted solution on the banks will almost surely lead to a recession. The most likely outcome is that the bank recapitalisation scheme gives Europe’s stronger banks a chance to create a credit crunch instead of taking government money. This is especially true since German banks are resisting both forcible recapitalisation and further write-down of Greek debts. The euro-zone governments are probably going to insist on the former but not on the latter. As the figure above shows, the recession is likely to start up all three of the vortices again, so we’ll be back at the drawing board in a few month’s time. But at least we’ll have avoided a truly historic crisis. Now let’s just hope the Greek street plays along with the role assigned to them this weekend. If euro-zone leaders don’t do enough to help the Greeks—to make sure they see a light at the end of the tunnel—we may see political chaos and a disorderly default that would severely test my hypotheses that the nuclear-threat has been removed.

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